import { Injectable, OnModuleInit, OnModuleDestroy, Logger } from "@nestjs/common";
import { NodeSDK } from "@opentelemetry/sdk-node";
import { getNodeAutoInstrumentations } from "@opentelemetry/auto-instrumentations-node";
import { OTLPTraceExporter } from "@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http";
import { Resource } from "@opentelemetry/resources";
import { ATTR_SERVICE_NAME, ATTR_SERVICE_VERSION } from "@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions";

// Deployment environment is not yet in the stable semantic conventions
// Using the semantic conventions format for consistency
const ATTR_DEPLOYMENT_ENVIRONMENT = "deployment.environment" as const;
import { ParentBasedSampler, TraceIdRatioBasedSampler } from "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-base";
import type { Tracer, Span, SpanOptions } from "@opentelemetry/api";
import { trace, SpanStatusCode } from "@opentelemetry/api";
import { readFileSync } from "fs";
import { join } from "path";

/**
 * Service responsible for OpenTelemetry distributed tracing.
 * Initializes the OTEL SDK with Jaeger/OTLP exporters and provides
 * tracing utilities for HTTP requests and LLM operations.
 *
 * @example
 * ```typescript
 * const span = telemetryService.startSpan('operation-name', {
 *   attributes: { 'custom.key': 'value' }
 * });
 * try {
 *   // Perform operation
 * } catch (error) {
 *   telemetryService.recordException(span, error);
 * } finally {
 *   span.end();
 * }
 * ```
 */
@Injectable()
export class TelemetryService implements OnModuleInit, OnModuleDestroy {
  private readonly logger = new Logger(TelemetryService.name);
  private sdk?: NodeSDK;
  private tracer!: Tracer;
  private enabled: boolean;
  private serviceName: string;
  private shutdownPromise?: Promise<void>;

  constructor() {
    this.enabled = process.env.OTEL_ENABLED !== "false";
    this.serviceName = process.env.OTEL_SERVICE_NAME ?? "mosaic-api";
  }

  /**
   * Get the service version from package.json.
   * Defaults to '0.0.0' if version cannot be determined.
   *
   * @returns The service version string
   */
  private getServiceVersion(): string {
    try {
      const packageJsonPath = join(__dirname, "..", "..", "package.json");
      // eslint-disable-next-line security/detect-non-literal-fs-filename -- Safe: reading local package.json
      const packageJson = JSON.parse(readFileSync(packageJsonPath, "utf-8")) as {
        version?: string;
      };
      return packageJson.version ?? "0.0.0";
    } catch (error) {
      this.logger.warn("Failed to read service version from package.json", error);
      return "0.0.0";
    }
  }

  /**
   * Get the deployment environment from NODE_ENV or OTEL_DEPLOYMENT_ENVIRONMENT.
   * Defaults to 'development' if not set.
   *
   * @returns The deployment environment string
   */
  private getDeploymentEnvironment(): string {
    return process.env.OTEL_DEPLOYMENT_ENVIRONMENT ?? process.env.NODE_ENV ?? "development";
  }

  /**
   * Get the trace sampling ratio from environment variable.
   * Defaults to 1.0 (sample all traces).
   * Clamps value between 0.0 and 1.0.
   *
   * @returns The sampling ratio between 0.0 and 1.0
   */
  private getSamplingRatio(): number {
    const envValue = process.env.OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG;
    if (!envValue) {
      return 1.0; // Default: sample all traces
    }

    const parsed = parseFloat(envValue);
    if (isNaN(parsed)) {
      this.logger.warn(`Invalid OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG value: ${envValue}, using default 1.0`);
      return 1.0;
    }

    // Clamp to valid range
    const clamped = Math.max(0.0, Math.min(1.0, parsed));
    if (clamped !== parsed) {
      this.logger.warn(
        `OTEL_TRACES_SAMPLER_ARG clamped from ${String(parsed)} to ${String(clamped)}`
      );
    }

    return clamped;
  }

  /**
   * Initialize the OpenTelemetry SDK with configured exporters.
   * This is called automatically by NestJS when the module is initialized.
   */
  onModuleInit(): void {
    if (!this.enabled) {
      this.logger.log("OpenTelemetry tracing is disabled");
      this.tracer = trace.getTracer("noop");
      return;
    }

    try {
      const exporter = this.createExporter();
      const serviceVersion = this.getServiceVersion();
      const deploymentEnvironment = this.getDeploymentEnvironment();
      const samplingRatio = this.getSamplingRatio();

      const resource = new Resource({
        [ATTR_SERVICE_NAME]: this.serviceName,
        [ATTR_SERVICE_VERSION]: serviceVersion,
        [ATTR_DEPLOYMENT_ENVIRONMENT]: deploymentEnvironment,
      });

      // Create sampler with parent-based strategy
      const sampler = new ParentBasedSampler({
        root: new TraceIdRatioBasedSampler(samplingRatio),
      });

      this.sdk = new NodeSDK({
        resource,
        sampler,
        traceExporter: exporter,
        instrumentations: [
          getNodeAutoInstrumentations({
            "@opentelemetry/instrumentation-fs": {
              enabled: false, // Disable file system instrumentation to reduce noise
            },
          }),
        ],
      });

      this.sdk.start();
      this.tracer = trace.getTracer(this.serviceName);

      this.logger.log(
        `OpenTelemetry SDK started for service: ${this.serviceName} v${serviceVersion} (${deploymentEnvironment}, sampling: ${String(samplingRatio)})`
      );
    } catch (error) {
      this.logger.error("Failed to initialize OpenTelemetry SDK", error);
      // Fallback to noop tracer to prevent application failures
      this.tracer = trace.getTracer("noop");
    }
  }

  /**
   * Shutdown the OpenTelemetry SDK gracefully.
   * This is called automatically by NestJS when the module is destroyed.
   */
  async onModuleDestroy(): Promise<void> {
    if (!this.sdk) {
      return;
    }

    // Prevent multiple concurrent shutdowns
    if (this.shutdownPromise) {
      return this.shutdownPromise;
    }

    this.shutdownPromise = (async () => {
      try {
        if (this.sdk) {
          await this.sdk.shutdown();
        }
        this.logger.log("OpenTelemetry SDK shut down successfully");
      } catch (error) {
        this.logger.error("Error shutting down OpenTelemetry SDK", error);
      }
    })();

    return this.shutdownPromise;
  }

  /**
   * Get the tracer instance for creating spans.
   *
   * @returns The configured tracer instance
   */
  getTracer(): Tracer {
    return this.tracer;
  }

  /**
   * Start a new span with the given name and options.
   *
   * @param name - The name of the span
   * @param options - Optional span configuration
   * @returns A new span instance
   *
   * @example
   * ```typescript
   * const span = telemetryService.startSpan('database-query', {
   *   attributes: {
   *     'db.system': 'postgresql',
   *     'db.statement': 'SELECT * FROM users'
   *   }
   * });
   * ```
   */
  startSpan(name: string, options?: SpanOptions): Span {
    return this.tracer.startSpan(name, options);
  }

  /**
   * Record an exception on a span and set its status to error.
   *
   * @param span - The span to record the exception on
   * @param error - The error to record
   *
   * @example
   * ```typescript
   * try {
   *   // Some operation
   * } catch (error) {
   *   telemetryService.recordException(span, error);
   *   throw error;
   * }
   * ```
   */
  recordException(span: Span, error: Error): void {
    span.recordException(error);
    span.setStatus({
      code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
      message: error.message,
    });
  }

  /**
   * Create the appropriate trace exporter based on environment configuration.
   * Uses OTLP HTTP exporter (compatible with Jaeger, Tempo, and other backends).
   *
   * @returns Configured trace exporter
   */
  private createExporter(): OTLPTraceExporter {
    const otlpEndpoint =
      process.env.OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT ??
      process.env.OTEL_EXPORTER_JAEGER_ENDPOINT ??
      "http://localhost:4318/v1/traces";

    this.logger.log(`Using OTLP HTTP exporter: ${otlpEndpoint}`);
    return new OTLPTraceExporter({
      url: otlpEndpoint,
    });
  }
}