diff --git a/packages/mosaic/src/commands/fleet.spec.ts b/packages/mosaic/src/commands/fleet.spec.ts
index 9545170..28bf7b0 100644
--- a/packages/mosaic/src/commands/fleet.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/mosaic/src/commands/fleet.spec.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { dirname, join, resolve } from 'node:path';
 import { Command } from 'commander';
 import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
 import {
+  acquireRestartLock,
   addAgentToRoster,
   buildAgentSendCommand,
   buildAgentWatchAttachCommand,
@@ -818,6 +819,93 @@ describe('fleet command construction', () => {
     }
   });
 
+  it('guards the single-agent restart path behind the in-flight restart lock', async () => {
+    const home = await tempDir();
+    const rosterPath = join(home, 'fleet', 'roster.yaml');
+    await mkdir(join(home, 'fleet'), { recursive: true });
+    await writeFile(
+      rosterPath,
+      ['version: 1', 'transport: tmux', 'agents:', '  - name: coder0', '    runtime: codex'].join(
+        '\n',
+      ),
+    );
+
+    // A full restart is mid-flight (lock held); a single-agent restart re-enters.
+    const lockPath = restartLockPath(home);
+    await mkdir(dirname(lockPath), { recursive: true });
+    await writeFile(lockPath, `4242\n${Date.now()}\n`);
+
+    const events: string[] = [];
+    const runner: CommandRunner = async (command, args) => {
+      events.push(`run:${args[args.length - 1]}`);
+      return { stdout: '', stderr: '', exitCode: 0 };
+    };
+    let sleeps = 0;
+    const sleepFn: SleepFn = async () => {
+      sleeps += 1;
+      events.push(`sleep:${sleeps}`);
+      await rm(lockPath, { force: true });
+    };
+
+    const program = new Command();
+    program.exitOverride();
+    registerFleetCommand(program, { runner, sleepFn, mosaicHome: home });
+
+    try {
+      await program.parseAsync(['node', 'mosaic', 'fleet', 'restart', 'coder0']);
+
+      // The single-agent restart waits for the in-flight restart before acting.
+      expect(sleeps).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+      const firstSleep = events.findIndex((e) => e.startsWith('sleep:'));
+      const firstRun = events.findIndex((e) => e.startsWith('run:'));
+      expect(firstSleep).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0);
+      expect(firstRun).toBeGreaterThan(firstSleep);
+      // Only the named agent is restarted; the holder is untouched.
+      expect(events).toContain('run:mosaic-agent@coder0.service');
+      expect(events).not.toContain('run:mosaic-tmux-holder.service');
+    } finally {
+      await rm(home, { recursive: true, force: true });
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('does not let a timed-out owner drop a lock another restart broke and re-owned', async () => {
+    const home = await tempDir();
+    const runDir = join(home, 'fleet', 'run');
+    await mkdir(runDir, { recursive: true });
+    const lockPath = restartLockPath(home);
+    const tokenOf = async (): Promise<string> => {
+      const raw = await readFile(lockPath, 'utf8');
+      return raw.split('\n')[2]?.trim() ?? '';
+    };
+    const sleepFn = vi.fn<SleepFn>(async () => {});
+
+    // R1 acquires the lock and begins a restart that then hangs.
+    const r1 = await acquireRestartLock(home, sleepFn);
+    const tokenR1 = await tokenOf();
+    expect(tokenR1).not.toBe('');
+
+    // The hung R1 leaves a stale lock: rewrite its timestamp into the past while
+    // preserving R1's token — exactly the on-disk state a stuck owner leaves.
+    await writeFile(lockPath, `4242\n${Date.now() - RESTART_LOCK_STALE_MS - 1_000}\n${tokenR1}\n`);
+
+    // R2 re-enters, sees the stale lock, and atomically takes ownership.
+    const r2 = await acquireRestartLock(home, sleepFn);
+    const tokenR2 = await tokenOf();
+    expect(tokenR2).not.toBe(tokenR1);
+    expect(sleepFn).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+    // R1 finally finishes and releases. It must NOT delete R2's lock — otherwise
+    // a third restart (R3) could acquire and interleave with R2 still running.
+    await r1.release();
+    expect(await tokenOf()).toBe(tokenR2);
+
+    // R2 releases cleanly and the lock is gone.
+    await r2.release();
+    await expect(readFile(lockPath, 'utf8')).rejects.toMatchObject({ code: 'ENOENT' });
+
+    await rm(home, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  });
+
   it('attempts every agent and the holder during fleet stop even when an agent stop fails', async () => {
     const home = await tempDir();
     const rosterPath = join(home, 'fleet', 'roster.yaml');
diff --git a/packages/mosaic/src/commands/fleet.ts b/packages/mosaic/src/commands/fleet.ts
index d343640..08260a6 100644
--- a/packages/mosaic/src/commands/fleet.ts
+++ b/packages/mosaic/src/commands/fleet.ts
@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@ import {
   mkdir,
   open,
   readFile,
+  rename,
   unlink,
   writeFile,
 } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto';
 import { homedir, hostname, userInfo } from 'node:os';
 import { dirname, join, resolve } from 'node:path';
 import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
@@ -565,11 +567,32 @@ export function restartLockPath(mosaicHome: string): string {
   return join(mosaicHome, 'fleet', 'run', 'restart.lock');
 }
 
-/** A held restart lock; `release()` removes the lock file (idempotent). */
+/** A held restart lock; `release()` removes the lock file iff we still own it. */
 interface RestartGuard {
   release(): Promise<void>;
 }
 
+/** Lock-file contents: pid (informational), timestamp, and a unique owner token. */
+function formatRestartLockContent(token: string): string {
+  return `${process.pid}\n${Date.now()}\n${token}\n`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reads the owner token (line 3) from a lock file, or null if the file is
+ * missing/unreadable/tokenless. The token is what makes release and break
+ * ownership-safe: a process only ever acts on a lock whose token matches its own.
+ */
+async function readRestartLockToken(lockPath: string): Promise<string | null> {
+  let raw: string;
+  try {
+    raw = await readFile(lockPath, 'utf8');
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const token = raw.split('\n')[2]?.trim();
+  return token ? token : null;
+}
+
 /**
  * Returns true when an existing lock file is stale: older than
  * RESTART_LOCK_STALE_MS, or unreadable/unparseable (a corrupt or partially
@@ -594,6 +617,31 @@ async function isRestartLockStale(lockPath: string, now: number): Promise<boolea
   return now - stamp >= RESTART_LOCK_STALE_MS;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Atomically take over an existing (stale or timed-out) lock WITHOUT blind
+ * unlinking it: write our own token to a temp file and `rename()` it over the
+ * lock. rename is atomic, so it replaces the prior owner's content in one step
+ * rather than the unsafe unlink-then-recreate (which a third restart could slip
+ * between). Returns true only if our token is the one on disk afterwards — if a
+ * concurrent breaker raced and won, we read back their token and return false so
+ * the caller keeps waiting instead of assuming ownership.
+ */
+async function breakAndOwnRestartLock(
+  lockPath: string,
+  token: string,
+  content: string,
+): Promise<boolean> {
+  const tmpPath = `${lockPath}.${token}`;
+  await writeFile(tmpPath, content);
+  try {
+    await rename(tmpPath, lockPath);
+  } catch (err) {
+    await unlink(tmpPath).catch(() => {});
+    throw err;
+  }
+  return (await readRestartLockToken(lockPath)) === token;
+}
+
 /**
  * Acquire the fleet restart lock, serializing concurrent `mosaic fleet restart`
  * invocations across processes. Each restart tears the tmux holder (and the
@@ -603,22 +651,38 @@ async function isRestartLockStale(lockPath: string, now: number): Promise<boolea
  * the lock (clean shutdown settled) before proceeding, breaks a stale lock left
  * by a crashed owner, and after RESTART_LOCK_MAX_WAIT_MS breaks the lock to
  * avoid a permanent deadlock.
+ *
+ * Ownership is tracked by a unique per-acquire token written into the lock.
+ * `release()` only unlinks the lock while our token is still on disk, and a
+ * break takes ownership atomically — so once another caller has broken and
+ * re-owned the lock, neither the timed-out original owner's `release()` nor a
+ * stale `break` can drop the new owner's lock and let a third restart interleave.
  */
-async function acquireRestartLock(mosaicHome: string, sleepFn: SleepFn): Promise<RestartGuard> {
+export async function acquireRestartLock(
+  mosaicHome: string,
+  sleepFn: SleepFn,
+): Promise<RestartGuard> {
+  const token = randomUUID();
   const lockPath = restartLockPath(mosaicHome);
   await mkdir(dirname(lockPath), { recursive: true });
   const release = async (): Promise<void> => {
+    // Ownership-safe: only remove the lock if it is still ours. If another
+    // caller broke and re-owned it (after a stale/timeout break), the token no
+    // longer matches and we must leave their lock intact.
+    if ((await readRestartLockToken(lockPath)) !== token) {
+      return;
+    }
     try {
       await unlink(lockPath);
     } catch {
-      // Already gone (broken as stale by another waiter, or never written) — fine.
+      // Raced away between the token check and unlink — nothing more to do.
     }
   };
   const deadline = Date.now() + RESTART_LOCK_MAX_WAIT_MS;
   for (;;) {
     try {
       const handle = await open(lockPath, 'wx');
-      await handle.writeFile(`${process.pid}\n${Date.now()}\n`);
+      await handle.writeFile(formatRestartLockContent(token));
       await handle.close();
       return { release };
     } catch (err) {
@@ -626,17 +690,20 @@ async function acquireRestartLock(mosaicHome: string, sleepFn: SleepFn): Promise
         throw err;
       }
       // A restart is already in flight (or its lock was left behind).
-      if (await isRestartLockStale(lockPath, Date.now())) {
-        process.stderr.write('Breaking stale fleet restart lock and proceeding.\n');
-        await release();
-        continue;
-      }
-      if (Date.now() >= deadline) {
-        process.stderr.write(
-          `Timed out after ${RESTART_LOCK_MAX_WAIT_MS}ms waiting for the in-flight fleet ` +
-            'restart; breaking the lock and proceeding.\n',
-        );
-        await release();
+      const stale = await isRestartLockStale(lockPath, Date.now());
+      const timedOut = Date.now() >= deadline;
+      if (stale || timedOut) {
+        if (await breakAndOwnRestartLock(lockPath, token, formatRestartLockContent(token))) {
+          process.stderr.write(
+            stale
+              ? 'Breaking stale fleet restart lock and proceeding.\n'
+              : `Timed out after ${RESTART_LOCK_MAX_WAIT_MS}ms waiting for the in-flight fleet ` +
+                  'restart; breaking the lock and proceeding.\n',
+          );
+          return { release };
+        }
+        // A concurrent breaker won the takeover; back off and re-evaluate.
+        await sleepFn(RESTART_LOCK_POLL_INTERVAL_MS);
         continue;
       }
       await sleepFn(RESTART_LOCK_POLL_INTERVAL_MS);