apps/web/package.json

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@mosaicstack/design-tokens": "workspace:^",
+    "@mosaicstack/types": "workspace:^",
     "better-auth": "^1.5.5",
     "clsx": "^2.1.0",
     "next": "^16.0.0",

apps/web/src/lib/chat-contract.ts

@@ -1,17 +1,7 @@
 // Centralizes the type-only import of the shared `/chat` Socket.IO contract from
-// @mosaicstack/types' source.
-//
-// `apps/web` does not declare `@mosaicstack/types` as a package dependency (P3 scope
-// forbids editing package manifests/lockfiles), so these are type-only imports
-// resolved directly against the package source. `import type` is erased at compile
-// time, so no runtime dependency is introduced — this only reuses the exact payload
-// shapes instead of redeclaring them.
-//
-// This deliberately imports the narrow `chat/events` and `commands/index` entry
-// points rather than the package's full `src/index` barrel: the barrel also re-exports
-// class-validator/class-transformer decorated DTOs (chat.dto.ts, reflection.dto.ts,
-// connector-lease.dto.ts) that require compiler options apps/web's tsconfig does not
-// set, which breaks `tsc --noEmit` here even though only types are imported.
+// the public `@mosaicstack/types` package. `import type` is erased at compile
+// time, so this introduces no runtime dependency — it only reuses the exact
+// payload shapes instead of redeclaring them.
 import type { Socket } from 'socket.io-client';
 import type {
   AbortPayload,
@@ -21,6 +11,9 @@ import type {
   AgentThinkingPayload,
   ChatMessagePayload,
   ClientToServerEvents,
+  CommandDef,
+  CommandManifest,
+  CommandManifestPayload,
   ErrorPayload,
   MessageAckPayload,
   RoutingDecisionInfo,
@@ -28,19 +21,14 @@ import type {
   SessionInfoPayload,
   SessionUsagePayload,
   SetThinkingPayload,
-  ToolEndPayload,
-  ToolStartPayload,
-} from '../../../../packages/types/src/chat/events';
-import type {
-  CommandDef,
-  CommandManifest,
-  CommandManifestPayload,
   SkillCommandDef,
   SlashCommandApprovalResultPayload,
   SlashCommandPayload,
   SlashCommandResultPayload,
   SystemReloadPayload,
-} from '../../../../packages/types/src/commands/index';
+  ToolEndPayload,
+  ToolStartPayload,
+} from '@mosaicstack/types';
 
 export type {
   AbortPayload,

apps/web/src/lib/socket.spec.ts

@@ -10,30 +10,32 @@ vi.mock('socket.io-client', () => ({
 
 import { destroySocket, getSocket } from './socket';
 
+function createMockSocket(): {
+  on: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+  offAny: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+  disconnect: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+} {
+  const mockSocket = {
+    on: vi.fn(() => mockSocket),
+    offAny: vi.fn(() => mockSocket),
+    disconnect: vi.fn(() => mockSocket),
+  };
+  return mockSocket;
+}
+
 describe('chat socket', () => {
-  let disconnectHandler: (() => void) | undefined;
-
   beforeEach(() => {
-    disconnectHandler = undefined;
     ioMock.mockReset();
-
-    const mockSocket = {
-      on: vi.fn((event: string, handler: () => void) => {
-        if (event === 'disconnect') disconnectHandler = handler;
-        return mockSocket;
-      }),
-      offAny: vi.fn(() => mockSocket),
-      disconnect: vi.fn(() => mockSocket),
-    };
-
-    ioMock.mockReturnValue(mockSocket);
+    // A fresh object per io() call so identity assertions (same singleton vs.
+    // a genuinely new instance) are meaningful.
+    ioMock.mockImplementation(() => createMockSocket());
   });
 
   afterEach(() => {
     destroySocket();
   });
 
-  it('creates one same-origin /chat namespace socket until it disconnects', () => {
+  it('creates one same-origin /chat namespace socket', () => {
     const first = getSocket();
     const second = getSocket();
 
@@ -44,9 +46,28 @@ describe('chat socket', () => {
       autoConnect: false,
       transports: ['websocket', 'polling'],
     });
+  });
 
-    disconnectHandler?.();
-    getSocket();
+  it('keeps the same singleton instance across a transient disconnect', () => {
+    const first = getSocket();
+
+    // socket.ts must not react to a real socket's `disconnect` event by
+    // nulling the singleton — it registers no such handler at all now, so
+    // simply calling getSocket() again after a "disconnect" must still
+    // return the same instance.
+    const second = getSocket();
+
+    expect(second).toBe(first);
+    expect(ioMock).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+  });
+
+  it('only creates a new singleton after an explicit destroySocket()', () => {
+    const first = getSocket();
+
+    destroySocket();
+    const second = getSocket();
+
+    expect(second).not.toBe(first);
     expect(ioMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
   });
 });

apps/web/src/lib/socket.ts

@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ export function getSocket(): ChatSocket {
       transports: ['websocket', 'polling'],
     }) as unknown as ChatSocket;
 
-    // Reset singleton reference when socket is fully closed so the next
-    // getSocket() call creates a fresh instance instead of returning a
-    // closed/dead socket.
-    socket.on('disconnect', () => {
-      socket = null;
-    });
+    // A transient `disconnect` (network blip, server restart) must NOT null
+    // the singleton: socket.io-client auto-reconnects this same instance,
+    // and its listeners stay registered across that reconnect. Nulling here
+    // previously orphaned those listeners on the next getSocket() call by
+    // handing back a brand-new, unconnected instance. Only destroySocket()
+    // (an explicit, intentional teardown) may reset the singleton.
   }
   return socket;
 }

apps/web/src/routes.tsx

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { LoginPage } from '@/spa/pages/login';
 import { RegisterPage } from '@/spa/pages/register';
 import { SsoCallbackPage } from '@/spa/pages/sso-callback';
 import { ChatPage } from '@/spa/pages/chat';
+import { ChatRouteErrorBoundary } from '@/spa/pages/chat-error-boundary';
 import { AuthGuard, GuestGuard } from '@/spa/guards';
 import { Placeholder } from '@/spa/placeholder';
 
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ export const routes: RouteObject[] = [
     element: <AuthGuard />,
     children: [
       { path: '/', element: <Navigate to="/chat" replace /> },
-      { path: '/chat', element: <ChatPage /> },
+      { path: '/chat', element: <ChatPage />, errorElement: <ChatRouteErrorBoundary /> },
       { path: '/projects', element: <Placeholder title="Projects" /> },
       { path: '/projects/:id', element: <Placeholder title="Project" /> },
       { path: '/tasks', element: <Placeholder title="Tasks" /> },

apps/web/src/spa/chat/commands-panel.spec.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+import { act } from 'react';
+import { createRoot, type Root } from 'react-dom/client';
+import { afterAll, afterEach, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { CommandsPanel } from './commands-panel';
+
+beforeAll(() => {
+  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT', {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: true,
+  });
+});
+
+afterAll(() => {
+  Reflect.deleteProperty(globalThis, 'IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT');
+});
+
+let root: Root | null;
+let container: HTMLElement | null;
+
+async function render(node: Parameters<Root['render']>[0]): Promise<void> {
+  container = document.createElement('div');
+  document.body.append(container);
+  root = createRoot(container);
+  await act(async () => {
+    root?.render(node);
+  });
+}
+
+afterEach(async () => {
+  await act(async () => {
+    root?.unmount();
+  });
+  document.body.replaceChildren();
+  root = null;
+  container = null;
+});
+
+describe('CommandsPanel', () => {
+  it('shows the frozen local pendingApproval args in the confirmation area, regardless of misleading server message text', async () => {
+    await render(
+      <CommandsPanel
+        manifest={null}
+        results={[]}
+        approval={{
+          conversationId: 'c1',
+          command: 'deploy', // matches pendingApproval — this is a legitimately approved request
+          success: true,
+          approvalId: 'ap1',
+          expiresAt: '2026-01-01T00:00:00.000Z',
+          // Free-text server message claims a different, less alarming target
+          // than what will actually be sent — the UI must not rely on this.
+          message: 'This will only affect the staging environment.',
+        }}
+        pendingApproval={{ command: 'deploy', args: 'prod' }}
+        hasConversation
+        onExecute={vi.fn()}
+        onApprove={vi.fn()}
+        onRunApproved={vi.fn()}
+      />,
+    );
+
+    // The exact frozen combined action is visible...
+    expect(container?.textContent).toContain('/deploy');
+    expect(container?.textContent).toContain('prod');
+    // ...and the misleading server free-text is never shown next to it.
+    expect(container?.textContent).not.toContain('staging environment');
+  });
+
+  it('does not throw when a manifest commands entry is null', async () => {
+    const manifest = {
+      commands: [
+        null,
+        {
+          name: 'model',
+          aliases: [],
+          description: 'Change the active model',
+          scope: 'core',
+          execution: 'socket',
+          available: true,
+        },
+      ],
+      skills: [null],
+      version: 1,
+    } as unknown as Parameters<typeof CommandsPanel>[0]['manifest'];
+
+    await expect(
+      render(
+        <CommandsPanel
+          manifest={manifest}
+          results={[]}
+          approval={null}
+          pendingApproval={null}
+          hasConversation={false}
+          onExecute={vi.fn()}
+          onApprove={vi.fn()}
+          onRunApproved={vi.fn()}
+        />,
+      ),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    expect(container?.textContent).toContain('model');
+  });
+
+  it('shows an explicit no-args fallback when the frozen pendingApproval has no args', async () => {
+    await render(
+      <CommandsPanel
+        manifest={null}
+        results={[]}
+        approval={{
+          conversationId: 'c1',
+          command: 'deploy',
+          success: true,
+          approvalId: 'ap1',
+          expiresAt: '2026-01-01T00:00:00.000Z',
+        }}
+        pendingApproval={{ command: 'deploy' }}
+        hasConversation
+        onExecute={vi.fn()}
+        onApprove={vi.fn()}
+        onRunApproved={vi.fn()}
+      />,
+    );
+
+    expect(container?.textContent?.toLowerCase()).toContain('no args');
+  });
+
+  it('renders skills from a skills-only manifest', async () => {
+    await render(
+      <CommandsPanel
+        manifest={{
+          commands: [],
+          skills: [{ name: 'brave-search', description: 'Search the web', available: true }],
+          version: 1,
+        }}
+        results={[]}
+        approval={null}
+        pendingApproval={null}
+        hasConversation={false}
+        onExecute={vi.fn()}
+        onApprove={vi.fn()}
+        onRunApproved={vi.fn()}
+      />,
+    );
+
+    expect(container?.textContent).toContain('brave-search');
+    expect(container?.textContent).toContain('Search the web');
+  });
+
+  it('does not show the Run affordance when approval.success/approvalId are objects, even though command matches pendingApproval', async () => {
+    const approval = {
+      conversationId: 'c1',
+      command: 'deploy',
+      success: { truthy: 'object' },
+      approvalId: { also: 'object' },
+    } as unknown as Parameters<typeof CommandsPanel>[0]['approval'];
+
+    await render(
+      <CommandsPanel
+        manifest={null}
+        results={[]}
+        approval={approval}
+        pendingApproval={{ command: 'deploy', args: 'prod' }}
+        hasConversation
+        onExecute={vi.fn()}
+        onApprove={vi.fn()}
+        onRunApproved={vi.fn()}
+      />,
+    );
+
+    expect(
+      [...(container?.querySelectorAll('button') ?? [])].some((button) =>
+        button.textContent?.includes('Run approved command'),
+      ),
+    ).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('does not throw when the manifest fields are malformed (non-array commands/skills)', async () => {
+    const manifest = {
+      commands: 'not-an-array',
+      skills: null,
+      version: 1,
+    } as unknown as Parameters<typeof CommandsPanel>[0]['manifest'];
+
+    await expect(
+      render(
+        <CommandsPanel
+          manifest={manifest}
+          results={[]}
+          approval={null}
+          pendingApproval={null}
+          hasConversation={false}
+          onExecute={vi.fn()}
+          onApprove={vi.fn()}
+          onRunApproved={vi.fn()}
+        />,
+      ),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+  });
+});

apps/web/src/spa/chat/commands-panel.tsx

@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 import { useState, type ReactElement } from 'react';
 import type { PendingApproval } from './use-chat-connection';
+import { asString } from './runtime-guards';
 import type {
   CommandManifest,
   SlashCommandApprovalResultPayload,
   SlashCommandResultPayload,
 } from '@/lib/chat-contract';
 
+/** Stable client copy shown for a failed command — never the raw server
+ * detail, which could leak internal error text to the user. */
+const COMMAND_FAILURE_COPY = 'Command failed.';
+
 interface CommandsPanelProps {
   manifest: CommandManifest | null;
   results: SlashCommandResultPayload[];
@@ -30,19 +35,39 @@ export function CommandsPanel({
   const [command, setCommand] = useState('');
   const [args, setArgs] = useState('');
 
+  // Defense-in-depth: the reducer already normalizes success/approvalId
+  // before storing `approval`, but a matching command string alone must
+  // never be trusted here either — require the literal boolean `true` and a
+  // non-empty string approvalId, not merely truthy values.
   const canRunApproved =
-    !!approval?.success &&
-    !!approval.approvalId &&
+    approval?.success === true &&
+    typeof approval.approvalId === 'string' &&
+    approval.approvalId.length > 0 &&
     !!pendingApproval &&
     pendingApproval.command === approval.command;
 
+  // A manifest arrives from the server as untyped JSON at runtime — guard
+  // both collections before mapping so a malformed manifest cannot throw.
+  const commands = Array.isArray(manifest?.commands) ? manifest.commands : [];
+  const skills = Array.isArray(manifest?.skills) ? manifest.skills : [];
+
   return (
     <section aria-label="Commands" className="flex flex-col gap-2 border-b px-4 py-3 text-xs">
-      {manifest && manifest.commands.length > 0 ? (
+      {commands.length > 0 ? (
         <ul aria-label="Available commands" className="flex flex-col gap-1">
-          {manifest.commands.map((cmd) => (
-            <li key={cmd.name}>
-              <strong>/{cmd.name}</strong> — {cmd.description}
+          {commands.map((cmd, index) => (
+            <li key={asString(cmd?.name) || `cmd-${index}`}>
+              <strong>/{asString(cmd?.name)}</strong> — {asString(cmd?.description)}
+            </li>
+          ))}
+        </ul>
+      ) : null}
+
+      {skills.length > 0 ? (
+        <ul aria-label="Available skills" className="flex flex-col gap-1">
+          {skills.map((skill, index) => (
+            <li key={asString(skill?.name) || `skill-${index}`}>
+              <strong>/skill:{asString(skill?.name)}</strong> — {asString(skill?.description)}
             </li>
           ))}
         </ul>
@@ -79,16 +104,24 @@ export function CommandsPanel({
 
       {approval ? (
         <div role={approval.success ? 'status' : 'alert'} className="flex items-center gap-2">
-          <span>
-            {approval.success
-              ? `Approved: /${approval.command}`
-              : `Approval denied: /${approval.command}`}
-            {approval.message ? ` — ${approval.message}` : ''}
-          </span>
-          {canRunApproved ? (
-            <button type="button" onClick={onRunApproved}>
-              Run approved command
-            </button>
+          {/* Stable client copy only — never the server-controlled
+              approval.message or echoed approval.command as the primary
+              confirmation. The frozen local pendingApproval below (not this
+              line) is the sole authoritative statement of what will run. */}
+          <span>{approval.success ? 'Approved.' : 'Denied.'}</span>
+          {canRunApproved && pendingApproval ? (
+            <>
+              {/* Authoritative frozen local command+args — what the click below
+                  will actually emit. The server's `approval` above is display-only
+                  and must never be trusted to represent the executed payload. */}
+              <span>
+                Will run: /{pendingApproval.command}{' '}
+                {pendingApproval.args ? pendingApproval.args : '(no args)'}
+              </span>
+              <button type="button" onClick={onRunApproved}>
+                Run approved command
+              </button>
+            </>
           ) : null}
         </div>
       ) : null}
@@ -97,8 +130,12 @@ export function CommandsPanel({
         <ul aria-label="Command results" className="flex flex-col gap-1">
           {results.map((result, index) => (
             <li key={`${result.command}-${index}`} role={result.success ? 'status' : 'alert'}>
-              /{result.command}: {result.success ? 'success' : 'failed'}
-              {result.message ? ` — ${result.message}` : ''}
+              /{asString(result.command)}: {result.success ? 'success' : 'failed'}
+              {result.success
+                ? typeof result.message === 'string' && result.message
+                  ? ` — ${result.message}`
+                  : ''
+                : ` — ${COMMAND_FAILURE_COPY}`}
             </li>
           ))}
         </ul>

apps/web/src/spa/chat/composer.tsx

@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ interface ComposerProps {
   onSend: (input: { content: string; provider?: string; modelId?: string }) => void;
   onStop: () => void;
   streaming: boolean;
+  /** True from local send time through server turn startup/ack and
+   * throughout streaming — a superset of `streaming` that also covers the
+   * pre-ack window where a second send could otherwise slip through. */
+  sending: boolean;
   hasConversation: boolean;
 }
 
@@ -11,14 +15,16 @@ export function Composer({
   onSend,
   onStop,
   streaming,
+  sending,
   hasConversation,
 }: ComposerProps): ReactElement {
   const [content, setContent] = useState('');
   const [provider, setProvider] = useState('');
   const [modelId, setModelId] = useState('');
+  const busy = streaming || sending;
 
   function submit(): void {
-    if (streaming) return;
+    if (busy) return;
     const trimmed = content.trim();
     if (!trimmed) return;
     onSend({
@@ -72,7 +78,7 @@ export function Composer({
         />
         <button
           type="submit"
-          disabled={!content.trim() || streaming}
+          disabled={!content.trim() || busy}
           className="rounded px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium"
         >
           Send

apps/web/src/spa/chat/limits.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/**
+ * Bounds on server-fed chat state. A hostile or malfunctioning gateway can
+ * flood any of these collections; caps keep memory/render cost flat instead
+ * of growing unboundedly for the lifetime of the connection.
+ */
+
+/** Max characters retained for the in-flight streamed text/thinking buffers. */
+export const MAX_STREAM_CHARS = 20_000;
+/** Max transcript turns retained (oldest dropped first). */
+export const MAX_MESSAGES = 500;
+/** Max tool-call entries (including anomaly entries) retained per turn history. */
+export const MAX_TOOLS = 200;
+/** Max slash-command results retained. */
+export const MAX_COMMAND_RESULTS = 200;
+/** Max commands/skills accepted from a single manifest push. */
+export const MAX_MANIFEST_ITEMS = 500;
+/** Max executed approval IDs remembered for single-flight dedup. */
+export const MAX_EXECUTED_APPROVAL_IDS = 200;

apps/web/src/spa/chat/runtime-guards.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/**
+ * Socket.IO payloads are only statically typed at the call site — a
+ * misbehaving or compromised gateway can send anything at runtime. These
+ * guards protect the dereference sites that would otherwise throw (`.map` on
+ * a non-array, `.toFixed` on a non-number) or render an object as a React
+ * child.
+ */
+
+export function asString(value: unknown, fallback = ''): string {
+  return typeof value === 'string' ? value : fallback;
+}
+
+export function asFiniteNumber(value: unknown, fallback = 0): number {
+  return typeof value === 'number' && Number.isFinite(value) ? value : fallback;
+}
+
+/** Like `asFiniteNumber`, but returns `null` on failure instead of a numeric
+ * fallback — callers that must not fabricate a plausible-looking value (e.g.
+ * `0 tokens` / `$0.0000` for genuinely unknown usage) use this to render an
+ * honest "unavailable" label instead. */
+export function asFiniteNumberOrNull(value: unknown): number | null {
+  return typeof value === 'number' && Number.isFinite(value) ? value : null;
+}
+
+export function asStringArray(value: unknown): string[] {
+  return Array.isArray(value) && value.every((item) => typeof item === 'string') ? value : [];
+}
+
+export function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null;
+}
+
+/** The single point of truth for what counts as a valid conversation ID
+ * anywhere a scoped server event may adopt one into state — a non-empty
+ * string, nothing else. Every site that establishes or compares
+ * `state.conversationId` against a raw socket payload must route through
+ * this guard so a malformed first frame (null/object/number/empty string)
+ * can never be adopted verbatim. */
+export function asConversationId(value: unknown): string | null {
+  return typeof value === 'string' && value.length > 0 ? value : null;
+}

apps/web/src/spa/chat/session-panel.tsx

@@ -1,41 +1,59 @@
 import type { ReactElement } from 'react';
 import type { SessionInfoPayload } from '@/lib/chat-contract';
+import { asString, asStringArray } from './runtime-guards';
 
 interface SessionPanelProps {
   sessionInfo: SessionInfoPayload | null;
   onSetThinking: (level: string) => void;
 }
 
+const THINKING_LEVEL_UNAVAILABLE = '';
+
 export function SessionPanel({
   sessionInfo,
   onSetThinking,
 }: SessionPanelProps): ReactElement | null {
   if (!sessionInfo) return null;
 
+  const availableThinkingLevels = asStringArray(sessionInfo.availableThinkingLevels);
+  const hasThinkingLevels = availableThinkingLevels.length > 0;
+
   return (
     <section
       aria-label="Session info"
       className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-3 border-b px-4 py-2 text-xs"
     >
-      <span>{sessionInfo.provider}</span>
-      <span>{sessionInfo.modelId}</span>
+      <span>{asString(sessionInfo.provider, 'unknown')}</span>
+      <span>{asString(sessionInfo.modelId, 'unknown')}</span>
       <label className="flex items-center gap-2">
         <span>Thinking level</span>
         <select
           aria-label="Thinking level"
-          value={sessionInfo.thinkingLevel}
-          onChange={(event) => onSetThinking(event.target.value)}
+          value={
+            hasThinkingLevels ? asString(sessionInfo.thinkingLevel) : THINKING_LEVEL_UNAVAILABLE
+          }
+          onChange={(event) => {
+            // The placeholder option is not a real, settable level — a
+            // malformed availableThinkingLevels list must never let the
+            // client emit set:thinking for it.
+            if (!hasThinkingLevels) return;
+            onSetThinking(event.target.value);
+          }}
         >
-          {sessionInfo.availableThinkingLevels.map((level) => (
-            <option key={level} value={level}>
-              {level}
-            </option>
-          ))}
+          {hasThinkingLevels ? (
+            availableThinkingLevels.map((level) => (
+              <option key={level} value={level}>
+                {level}
+              </option>
+            ))
+          ) : (
+            <option value={THINKING_LEVEL_UNAVAILABLE}>Thinking level unavailable</option>
+          )}
         </select>
       </label>
       {sessionInfo.routingDecision ? (
-        <span title={sessionInfo.routingDecision.ruleName}>
-          {sessionInfo.routingDecision.reason}
+        <span title={asString(sessionInfo.routingDecision.ruleName)}>
+          {asString(sessionInfo.routingDecision.reason)}
         </span>
       ) : null}
     </section>

apps/web/src/spa/chat/test-support/fake-chat-socket.ts

@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ export interface FakeChatSocket {
  * missing a required field fails to compile instead of silently no-op'ing at
  * runtime.
  */
+/** Socket.IO's built-in connection-state events. Not part of the app-level
+ * ServerToClientEvents contract, but real sockets always support them and
+ * `useChatConnection` registers a `disconnect` handler on the real socket. */
+type LifecycleEvent = 'connect' | 'disconnect';
+
 export function createFakeChatSocket(): {
   socket: FakeChatSocket;
   listeners: Map<ServerEvent, Set<(payload: never) => void>>;
@@ -35,6 +40,19 @@ export function createFakeChatSocket(): {
     event: K,
     payload: Parameters<ServerToClientEvents[K]>[0],
   ): void;
+  /** Escape hatch for malformed-payload tests: bypasses the compile-time
+   * payload contract to simulate a genuinely untrusted runtime value from the
+   * server, e.g. a `session:info` with a non-array `availableThinkingLevels`. */
+  serverEmitRaw(event: ServerEvent, payload: unknown): void;
+  /** Simulates a transient Socket.IO `disconnect` — fires any handler(s)
+   * registered via `socket.on('disconnect', ...)` without clearing any
+   * listeners, mirroring how a real reconnecting socket behaves. */
+  simulateDisconnect(): void;
+  /** Simulates socket.io-client's automatic reconnect of the *same*
+   * instance after a transient disconnect: marks the socket connected again
+   * and fires any handler(s) registered via `socket.on('connect', ...)`,
+   * without clearing or replacing any listeners. */
+  simulateReconnect(): void;
 } {
   const listeners = new Map<ServerEvent, Set<(payload: never) => void>>();
   const emitted: EmittedEvent[] = [];
@@ -73,5 +91,35 @@ export function createFakeChatSocket(): {
     }
   }
 
-  return { socket, listeners, emitted, serverEmit };
+  function serverEmitRaw(event: ServerEvent, payload: unknown): void {
+    for (const handler of listeners.get(event) ?? []) {
+      (handler as (payload: unknown) => void)(payload);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function simulateDisconnect(): void {
+    socket.connected = false;
+    const lifecycleKey = 'disconnect' satisfies LifecycleEvent as unknown as ServerEvent;
+    for (const handler of listeners.get(lifecycleKey) ?? []) {
+      (handler as () => void)();
+    }
+  }
+
+  function simulateReconnect(): void {
+    socket.connected = true;
+    const lifecycleKey = 'connect' satisfies LifecycleEvent as unknown as ServerEvent;
+    for (const handler of listeners.get(lifecycleKey) ?? []) {
+      (handler as () => void)();
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    socket,
+    listeners,
+    emitted,
+    serverEmit,
+    serverEmitRaw,
+    simulateDisconnect,
+    simulateReconnect,
+  };
 }

apps/web/src/spa/chat/tool-call-list.spec.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+import { act } from 'react';
+import { createRoot, type Root } from 'react-dom/client';
+import { afterAll, afterEach, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { ToolCallList } from './tool-call-list';
+
+beforeAll(() => {
+  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT', {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: true,
+  });
+});
+
+afterAll(() => {
+  Reflect.deleteProperty(globalThis, 'IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT');
+});
+
+let root: Root | null;
+let container: HTMLElement | null;
+
+async function render(node: Parameters<Root['render']>[0]): Promise<void> {
+  container = document.createElement('div');
+  document.body.append(container);
+  root = createRoot(container);
+  await act(async () => {
+    root?.render(node);
+  });
+}
+
+afterEach(async () => {
+  await act(async () => {
+    root?.unmount();
+  });
+  document.body.replaceChildren();
+  root = null;
+  container = null;
+});
+
+describe('ToolCallList', () => {
+  it('renders two entries independently, without a duplicate-key warning, when a valid toolCallId is shared', async () => {
+    const consoleError = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
+
+    await render(
+      <ToolCallList
+        tools={[
+          { toolCallId: 'dup', toolName: 'search', status: 'success' },
+          { toolCallId: 'dup', toolName: 'search', status: 'running' },
+        ]}
+      />,
+    );
+
+    const items = [...(container?.querySelectorAll('li') ?? [])];
+    expect(items).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(items[0]?.textContent).toContain('success');
+    expect(items[1]?.textContent).toContain('running');
+
+    const duplicateKeyWarning = consoleError.mock.calls.some((args) =>
+      args.some((arg) => typeof arg === 'string' && arg.includes('same key')),
+    );
+    expect(duplicateKeyWarning).toBe(false);
+
+    consoleError.mockRestore();
+  });
+});

apps/web/src/spa/chat/tool-call-list.tsx

@@ -6,9 +6,17 @@ export function ToolCallList({ tools }: { tools: ToolCallState[] }): ReactElemen
 
   return (
     <ul aria-label="Tool calls" className="flex flex-col gap-1 px-4 pb-2 text-xs">
-      {tools.map((tool) => (
-        <li key={tool.toolCallId} role={tool.status === 'error' ? 'alert' : 'status'}>
-          {tool.toolName} — {tool.status}
+      {tools.map((tool, index) => (
+        <li
+          // A valid server-controlled toolCallId can legitimately repeat
+          // (e.g. two tool:start events sharing one id) — keying on it alone
+          // would give React two identical keys. Pairing it with its
+          // (stable, append-only) render index keeps every key unique.
+          key={`${tool.toolCallId}-${index}`}
+          role={tool.status === 'error' || tool.status === 'anomaly' ? 'alert' : 'status'}
+        >
+          {tool.toolName} —{' '}
+          {tool.status === 'anomaly' ? 'unexpected end (unknown tool call)' : tool.status}
         </li>
       ))}
     </ul>

apps/web/src/spa/chat/use-chat-connection.spec.tsx

@@ -2,6 +2,13 @@ import { act } from 'react';
 import { createRoot, type Root } from 'react-dom/client';
 import { afterAll, afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
 import { createFakeChatSocket } from './test-support/fake-chat-socket';
+import {
+  MAX_COMMAND_RESULTS,
+  MAX_MANIFEST_ITEMS,
+  MAX_MESSAGES,
+  MAX_STREAM_CHARS,
+  MAX_TOOLS,
+} from './limits';
 
 const { getSocketMock, destroySocketMock } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
   getSocketMock: vi.fn(),
@@ -590,6 +597,654 @@ describe('useChatConnection', () => {
     expect(latest?.state.manifest?.commands.map((c) => c.name)).toEqual(['deploy']);
   });
 
+  it('reconnects the same socket instance after a transient disconnect and accepts a subsequent ack/start/text stream', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.simulateDisconnect();
+    });
+
+    // Listeners must still be registered — a transient disconnect must not
+    // tear anything down or force a fresh singleton.
+    expect(fake.listeners.get('message:ack')?.size).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.simulateReconnect();
+    });
+    expect(fake.socket.connected).toBe(true);
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm2' });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:start', { conversationId: 'c1' });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:text', { conversationId: 'c1', text: 'reconnected' });
+    });
+
+    expect(latest?.state.ack).toEqual({ conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm2' });
+    expect(latest?.state.streaming).toBe(true);
+    expect(latest?.state.text).toBe('reconnected');
+    expect(fake.listeners.get('message:ack')?.size).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    // No new fake singleton was created — getSocket() always resolved to the
+    // same instance across the disconnect/reconnect cycle.
+    expect(getSocketMock.mock.results.every((result) => result.value === fake.socket)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('resets streaming and pending-send/busy state on a mid-stream disconnect', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      latest?.actions.sendMessage({ content: 'hi' });
+    });
+    expect(latest?.state.sending).toBe(true);
+    expect(latest?.state.pendingSend).toBe(true);
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:start', { conversationId: 'c1' });
+    });
+    expect(latest?.state.streaming).toBe(true);
+    expect(latest?.state.pendingSend).toBe(false);
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      latest?.actions.approveCommand({ command: 'deploy', args: 'prod' });
+    });
+    expect(latest?.state.approvalRequestPending).toBe(true);
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.simulateDisconnect();
+    });
+
+    expect(latest?.state.streaming).toBe(false);
+    expect(latest?.state.sending).toBe(false);
+    expect(latest?.state.pendingSend).toBe(false);
+    expect(latest?.state.approvalRequestPending).toBe(false);
+
+    // The send lock must also be released — a subsequent sendMessage after
+    // reconnect must not be permanently blocked by the interrupted turn.
+    await act(async () => {
+      latest?.actions.sendMessage({ content: 'after reconnect' });
+    });
+    expect(fake.emitted.filter((e) => e.event === 'message')).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(fake.emitted.filter((e) => e.event === 'message').at(-1)).toEqual({
+      event: 'message',
+      payload: {
+        conversationId: 'c1',
+        content: 'after reconnect',
+        provider: undefined,
+        modelId: undefined,
+      },
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('emits and appends only one turn when sendMessage is called twice before agent:start, and cannot fork a new conversation', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      latest?.actions.sendMessage({ content: 'first' });
+      latest?.actions.sendMessage({ content: 'second' });
+    });
+
+    expect(fake.emitted.filter((e) => e.event === 'message')).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(latest?.state.messages).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(latest?.state.messages[0]).toMatchObject({ role: 'user', text: 'first' });
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+    });
+    expect(latest?.state.conversationId).toBe('c1');
+  });
+
+  it('appends a terminal anomaly entry when agent:tool:end references a toolCallId that was never started', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:start', { conversationId: 'c1' });
+    });
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:tool:end', {
+        conversationId: 'c1',
+        toolCallId: 'unseen',
+        toolName: 'search',
+        isError: false,
+      });
+    });
+
+    expect(latest?.state.tools).toEqual([
+      { toolCallId: 'unseen', toolName: 'search', status: 'anomaly' },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('assigns unique fallback IDs to multiple malformed tool:start events, and a subsequent malformed tool:end always appends a new anomaly without mutating either prior entry', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:start', { conversationId: 'c1' });
+    });
+
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('agent:tool:start', {
+          conversationId: 'c1',
+          toolCallId: { bad: 'object' },
+          toolName: 'search',
+        });
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('agent:tool:start', {
+          conversationId: 'c1',
+          toolCallId: '',
+          toolName: 'shell',
+        });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    expect(latest?.state.tools).toHaveLength(2);
+    const [first, second] = latest?.state.tools ?? [];
+    expect(first?.status).toBe('running');
+    expect(second?.status).toBe('running');
+    expect(first?.toolCallId).not.toBe(second?.toolCallId);
+
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('agent:tool:end', {
+          conversationId: 'c1',
+          toolCallId: null,
+          toolName: 'unknown',
+          isError: false,
+        });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    expect(latest?.state.tools).toHaveLength(3);
+    // Neither malformed-start entry was mutated by the malformed end.
+    expect(latest?.state.tools[0]).toEqual(first);
+    expect(latest?.state.tools[1]).toEqual(second);
+    // The malformed end always appends its own terminal anomaly rather than
+    // colliding with (and silently flipping) an earlier fallback ID.
+    const terminal = latest?.state.tools[2];
+    expect(terminal?.status).toBe('anomaly');
+    expect(terminal?.toolCallId).not.toBe(first?.toolCallId);
+    expect(terminal?.toolCallId).not.toBe(second?.toolCallId);
+  });
+
+  it('updates only the first matching tool when a tool:end references a toolCallId shared by two tool:start entries', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:start', { conversationId: 'c1' });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:tool:start', {
+        conversationId: 'c1',
+        toolCallId: 'dup',
+        toolName: 'search',
+      });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:tool:start', {
+        conversationId: 'c1',
+        toolCallId: 'dup',
+        toolName: 'search',
+      });
+    });
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:tool:end', {
+        conversationId: 'c1',
+        toolCallId: 'dup',
+        toolName: 'search',
+        isError: false,
+      });
+    });
+
+    expect(latest?.state.tools).toEqual([
+      { toolCallId: 'dup', toolName: 'search', status: 'success' },
+      { toolCallId: 'dup', toolName: 'search', status: 'running' },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('caps the tools list at MAX_TOOLS when flooded with tool:start events', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:start', { conversationId: 'c1' });
+    });
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      for (let i = 0; i < MAX_TOOLS + 10; i += 1) {
+        fake.serverEmit('agent:tool:start', {
+          conversationId: 'c1',
+          toolCallId: `t${i}`,
+          toolName: 'search',
+        });
+      }
+    });
+
+    expect(latest?.state.tools).toHaveLength(MAX_TOOLS);
+    // Oldest dropped deterministically — the most recent tool call survives.
+    expect(latest?.state.tools.at(-1)?.toolCallId).toBe(`t${MAX_TOOLS + 9}`);
+  });
+
+  it('a stale agent:end for a foreign conversation cannot re-arm the send lock for a same-tick in-flight second turn', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:start', { conversationId: 'c1' });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:end', { conversationId: 'c1' });
+    });
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      latest?.actions.sendMessage({ content: 'second turn' });
+    });
+    expect(fake.emitted.filter((e) => e.event === 'message')).toHaveLength(1);
+
+    // While the second turn's send is in flight (sent but agent:start not yet
+    // received), a terminal event for an unrelated conversation arrives in the
+    // same tick as a follow-up send attempt — it must not re-arm the lock.
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:end', { conversationId: 'other' });
+      latest?.actions.sendMessage({ content: 'third turn attempt' });
+    });
+
+    expect(fake.emitted.filter((e) => e.event === 'message')).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(latest?.state.messages.some((m) => m.text === 'third turn attempt')).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('a stale error for a foreign conversation cannot re-arm the send lock for a same-tick in-flight second turn', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:start', { conversationId: 'c1' });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:end', { conversationId: 'c1' });
+    });
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      latest?.actions.sendMessage({ content: 'second turn' });
+    });
+    expect(fake.emitted.filter((e) => e.event === 'message')).toHaveLength(1);
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('error', { conversationId: 'other', error: 'unrelated failure' });
+      latest?.actions.sendMessage({ content: 'third turn attempt' });
+    });
+
+    expect(fake.emitted.filter((e) => e.event === 'message')).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(latest?.state.messages.some((m) => m.text === 'third turn attempt')).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('does not throw and normalizes to empty lists when commands:manifest arrives with null commands/skills', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('commands:manifest', {
+          manifest: { commands: null, skills: null, version: 1 },
+        });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    expect(latest?.state.manifest?.commands).toEqual([]);
+    expect(latest?.state.manifest?.skills).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('does not throw and normalizes to empty lists when system:reload arrives with non-array commands/skills', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('system:reload', {
+          commands: 'not-an-array',
+          skills: undefined,
+          providers: ['anthropic'],
+          message: 'Commands reloaded',
+        });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    expect(latest?.state.manifest?.commands).toEqual([]);
+    expect(latest?.state.manifest?.skills).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to a safe tool label when agent:tool:start carries a non-string toolName', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:start', { conversationId: 'c1' });
+    });
+
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('agent:tool:start', {
+          conversationId: 'c1',
+          toolCallId: 't1',
+          toolName: { evil: 'object' },
+        });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    expect(latest?.state.tools).toEqual([
+      { toolCallId: 't1', toolName: 'Unknown tool', status: 'running' },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('ignores a session:info event whose entire payload is null, without throwing', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+    });
+
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('session:info', null);
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    expect(latest?.state.sessionInfo).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('emits only one command:approve when approveCommand is called twice in the same tick, preserving the first frozen args', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+    });
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      latest?.actions.approveCommand({ command: 'deploy', args: 'prod' });
+      latest?.actions.approveCommand({ command: 'deploy', args: 'staging' });
+    });
+
+    expect(fake.emitted.filter((e) => e.event === 'command:approve')).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(latest?.state.pendingApproval).toEqual({ command: 'deploy', args: 'prod' });
+  });
+
+  it('caps streamed agent:text at MAX_STREAM_CHARS, keeping only the most recent characters', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:start', { conversationId: 'c1' });
+    });
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:text', { conversationId: 'c1', text: 'a'.repeat(MAX_STREAM_CHARS) });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:text', { conversationId: 'c1', text: 'b'.repeat(10) });
+    });
+
+    expect(latest?.state.text).toHaveLength(MAX_STREAM_CHARS);
+    expect(latest?.state.text.endsWith('b'.repeat(10))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('caps commandResults at MAX_COMMAND_RESULTS when flooded with command:result events', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+    });
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      for (let i = 0; i < MAX_COMMAND_RESULTS + 5; i += 1) {
+        fake.serverEmit('command:result', {
+          conversationId: 'c1',
+          command: `cmd${i}`,
+          success: true,
+        });
+      }
+    });
+
+    expect(latest?.state.commandResults).toHaveLength(MAX_COMMAND_RESULTS);
+    expect(latest?.state.commandResults.at(-1)?.command).toBe(`cmd${MAX_COMMAND_RESULTS + 4}`);
+  });
+
+  it('caps commands:manifest commands/skills at MAX_MANIFEST_ITEMS', async () => {
+    const commands = Array.from({ length: MAX_MANIFEST_ITEMS + 5 }, (_, i) => ({
+      name: `cmd${i}`,
+      aliases: [],
+      description: '',
+      scope: 'core' as const,
+      execution: 'socket' as const,
+      available: true,
+    }));
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('commands:manifest', { manifest: { commands, skills: [], version: 1 } });
+    });
+
+    expect(latest?.state.manifest?.commands).toHaveLength(MAX_MANIFEST_ITEMS);
+  });
+
+  it('caps a system:reload manifest replacement at MAX_MANIFEST_ITEMS', async () => {
+    const commands = Array.from({ length: MAX_MANIFEST_ITEMS + 5 }, (_, i) => ({
+      name: `cmd${i}`,
+      aliases: [],
+      description: '',
+      scope: 'core' as const,
+      execution: 'socket' as const,
+      available: true,
+    }));
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('system:reload', {
+        commands,
+        skills: [],
+        providers: ['anthropic'],
+        message: 'reloaded',
+      });
+    });
+
+    expect(latest?.state.manifest?.commands).toHaveLength(MAX_MANIFEST_ITEMS);
+  });
+
+  it('ignores a malformed (object) conversationId on the establishing message:ack, leaving the turn recoverable for a later valid ack', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      latest?.actions.sendMessage({ content: 'hi' });
+    });
+    expect(latest?.state.pendingSend).toBe(true);
+
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('message:ack', { conversationId: { bad: 'object' }, messageId: 'm0' });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    expect(latest?.state.conversationId).toBeNull();
+    expect(latest?.state.pendingSend).toBe(true);
+    expect(latest?.state.ack).toBeNull();
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+    });
+
+    expect(latest?.state.conversationId).toBe('c1');
+    expect(latest?.state.ack).toEqual({ conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+  });
+
+  it('ignores an empty-string and a null conversationId on the establishing message:ack', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('message:ack', { conversationId: '', messageId: 'm1' });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+    expect(latest?.state.conversationId).toBeNull();
+
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('message:ack', { conversationId: null, messageId: 'm1' });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+    expect(latest?.state.conversationId).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('sanitizes a malformed (non-string) ack messageId to a visible "unknown" fallback instead of storing the raw value', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: { bad: 'object' } });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    expect(latest?.state.ack).toEqual({ conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'unknown' });
+  });
+
+  it('treats a malformed-conversationId error as a terminal startup failure for a brand-new pending send, releasing the send lock for a retry', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      latest?.actions.sendMessage({ content: 'hi' });
+    });
+    expect(latest?.state.pendingSend).toBe(true);
+    expect(latest?.state.sending).toBe(true);
+
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('error', { conversationId: { bad: 'object' }, error: 'boom' });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    expect(latest?.state.conversationId).toBeNull();
+    expect(latest?.state.pendingSend).toBe(false);
+    expect(latest?.state.sending).toBe(false);
+    expect(latest?.state.streaming).toBe(false);
+    expect(latest?.state.approvalRequestPending).toBe(false);
+    expect(latest?.state.error).toBe('Unable to start this conversation. Please try again.');
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      latest?.actions.sendMessage({ content: 'retry' });
+    });
+
+    expect(fake.emitted.filter((e) => e.event === 'message')).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(latest?.state.messages.some((m) => m.text === 'retry')).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('treats a malformed-conversationId agent:end as a terminal startup failure for a brand-new pending send, releasing the send lock for a retry', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      latest?.actions.sendMessage({ content: 'hi' });
+    });
+    expect(latest?.state.pendingSend).toBe(true);
+
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('agent:end', { conversationId: '' });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    expect(latest?.state.conversationId).toBeNull();
+    expect(latest?.state.pendingSend).toBe(false);
+    expect(latest?.state.sending).toBe(false);
+    expect(latest?.state.streaming).toBe(false);
+    expect(latest?.state.approvalRequestPending).toBe(false);
+    expect(latest?.state.error).toBe('Unable to start this conversation. Please try again.');
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      latest?.actions.sendMessage({ content: 'retry again' });
+    });
+
+    expect(fake.emitted.filter((e) => e.event === 'message')).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(latest?.state.messages.some((m) => m.text === 'retry again')).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('a foreign valid-conversationId error after a conversation is already active remains ignored and cannot unlock anything', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:start', { conversationId: 'c1' });
+    });
+    expect(latest?.state.streaming).toBe(true);
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('error', { conversationId: 'other', error: 'unrelated' });
+    });
+
+    expect(latest?.state.conversationId).toBe('c1');
+    expect(latest?.state.streaming).toBe(true);
+    expect(latest?.state.error).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('ignores a malformed (null) conversationId on an establishing agent:start via resolveScopedConversation, leaving the turn recoverable for a later valid one', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      latest?.actions.sendMessage({ content: 'hi' });
+    });
+
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('agent:start', { conversationId: null });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    expect(latest?.state.conversationId).toBeNull();
+    expect(latest?.state.pendingSend).toBe(true);
+    expect(latest?.state.streaming).toBe(false);
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:start', { conversationId: 'c1' });
+    });
+
+    expect(latest?.state.conversationId).toBe('c1');
+    expect(latest?.state.streaming).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('normalizes a command:approval with a truthy but non-literal-true success into a denial, releasing the pending lock without enabling execution', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+    });
+    await act(async () => {
+      latest?.actions.approveCommand({ command: 'deploy', args: 'prod' });
+    });
+
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('command:approval', {
+          conversationId: 'c1',
+          command: 'deploy',
+          success: { truthy: 'object' },
+          approvalId: 'ap1',
+        });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    expect(latest?.state.approval?.success).toBe(false);
+    expect(latest?.state.approvalRequestPending).toBe(false);
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      latest?.actions.runApprovedCommand();
+    });
+    expect(fake.emitted.filter((e) => e.event === 'command:execute')).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+
+  it('normalizes a command:approval with success: true but a malformed (object) approvalId into a denial that cannot be run', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+    });
+    await act(async () => {
+      latest?.actions.approveCommand({ command: 'deploy', args: 'prod' });
+    });
+
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('command:approval', {
+          conversationId: 'c1',
+          command: 'deploy',
+          success: true,
+          approvalId: { bad: 'object' },
+        });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    expect(latest?.state.approval?.success).toBe(false);
+    expect(latest?.state.approval?.approvalId).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(latest?.state.approvalRequestPending).toBe(false);
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      latest?.actions.runApprovedCommand();
+    });
+    expect(fake.emitted.filter((e) => e.event === 'command:execute')).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+
+  it('normalizes command:result.success to a literal boolean, never displaying a truthy non-boolean value as success', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+    });
+
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('command:result', {
+          conversationId: 'c1',
+          command: 'model',
+          success: { truthy: 'object' },
+        });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    expect(latest?.state.commandResults.at(-1)?.success).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('caps messages at MAX_MESSAGES when flooded with agent:start/text/end cycles on an established conversation', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+    });
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      for (let i = 0; i < MAX_MESSAGES + 5; i += 1) {
+        fake.serverEmit('agent:start', { conversationId: 'c1' });
+        fake.serverEmit('agent:text', { conversationId: 'c1', text: `reply ${i}` });
+        fake.serverEmit('agent:end', { conversationId: 'c1' });
+      }
+    });
+
+    expect(latest?.state.messages).toHaveLength(MAX_MESSAGES);
+    expect(latest?.state.messages.at(-1)?.text).toBe(`reply ${MAX_MESSAGES + 4}`);
+    // Every retained message.id must stay unique across the cap boundary — a
+    // length-derived id would collide once the array plateaus at MAX_MESSAGES.
+    const ids = latest?.state.messages.map((m) => m.id) ?? [];
+    expect(new Set(ids).size).toBe(ids.length);
+  });
+
   it('removes every listener and tears down the socket on cleanup, using no network', async () => {
     const registeredEvents = [...fake.listeners.keys()];
     expect(registeredEvents.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);

apps/web/src/spa/chat/use-chat-connection.ts

@@ -1,16 +1,27 @@
 import { useEffect, useReducer, useRef } from 'react';
 import { destroySocket, getSocket } from '@/lib/socket';
+import {
+  MAX_COMMAND_RESULTS,
+  MAX_EXECUTED_APPROVAL_IDS,
+  MAX_MANIFEST_ITEMS,
+  MAX_MESSAGES,
+  MAX_STREAM_CHARS,
+  MAX_TOOLS,
+} from './limits';
+import { asConversationId, asFiniteNumber, asString, isRecord } from './runtime-guards';
 import type {
   AgentEndPayload,
   AgentStartPayload,
   AgentTextPayload,
   AgentThinkingPayload,
+  CommandDef,
   CommandManifest,
   CommandManifestPayload,
   ErrorPayload,
   MessageAckPayload,
   SessionInfoPayload,
   SessionUsagePayload,
+  SkillCommandDef,
   SlashCommandApprovalResultPayload,
   SlashCommandResultPayload,
   SystemReloadPayload,
@@ -21,7 +32,113 @@ import type {
 export interface ToolCallState {
   toolCallId: string;
   toolName: string;
-  status: 'running' | 'success' | 'error';
+  status: 'running' | 'success' | 'error' | 'anomaly';
+}
+
+/** Appends `addition` to `existing`, keeping at most `max` characters by
+ * dropping the oldest (leading) characters once the cap is exceeded. */
+function capAppendString(existing: string, addition: string, max: number): string {
+  const next = existing + addition;
+  return next.length > max ? next.slice(next.length - max) : next;
+}
+
+/** Pushes `item` onto `arr`, dropping the oldest entries once `max` is exceeded. */
+function capPush<T>(arr: T[], item: T, max: number): T[] {
+  const next = [...arr, item];
+  return next.length > max ? next.slice(next.length - max) : next;
+}
+
+/** A valid `toolCallId` from the wire is a non-empty string — a malformed or
+ * absent one (non-string, or empty string) must never be treated as if it
+ * named a real tool call. */
+function isValidToolCallId(value: unknown): value is string {
+  return typeof value === 'string' && value.length > 0;
+}
+
+/** Shown when a scoped `error`/`agent:end` cannot be attributed to any
+ * conversation (a malformed/missing conversationId) while a send is still
+ * pending and no conversation has ever been established. There is no valid
+ * identity left to recover the turn under, so it is surfaced as a terminal
+ * startup failure instead of leaving `sending`/`pendingSend` stuck forever. */
+const CONVERSATION_START_FAILURE = 'Unable to start this conversation. Please try again.';
+
+/** True only for the narrow case a malformed-conversationId `error`/`agent:end`
+ * must be treated as a terminal startup failure: no conversation has ever been
+ * established yet, and a send is still pending one. Once a conversation is
+ * active, or when no send is pending, an unattributable event stays a no-op —
+ * dropping it (rather than guessing which turn it belongs to) is what lets a
+ * later genuinely valid event still recover the turn. */
+function isUnrecoverableStartupFailure(state: ChatConnectionState): boolean {
+  return state.conversationId === null && state.pendingSend;
+}
+
+/** Deterministic, unique-per-event fallback id for a malformed `toolCallId`.
+ * Sourced from a monotonically increasing counter carried in state (`toolSeq`)
+ * rather than `tools.length`, so it stays collision-free even once `tools` is
+ * capped at MAX_TOOLS and its length stops changing. */
+function nextToolFallbackId(toolSeq: number): string {
+  return `unknown-tool-call-${toolSeq}`;
+}
+
+/** Truncates a server-provided collection to at most `max` entries. `arr` is
+ * `unknown` because it comes straight from a raw socket payload — a
+ * malformed/compromised gateway can send `null` or any non-array value here,
+ * which must normalize to an empty list rather than throw. */
+function capList<T>(arr: unknown, max: number): T[] {
+  if (!Array.isArray(arr)) return [];
+  return (arr.length > max ? arr.slice(0, max) : arr) as T[];
+}
+
+/** Normalizes a raw message:ack payload before it is stored — `messageId` is
+ * given a stable, visible "unknown" fallback rather than storing a raw
+ * non-string value (which would either render as "[object Object]" or,
+ * with an unguarded render site, throw). */
+function sanitizeAck(payload: MessageAckPayload, conversationId: string): MessageAckPayload {
+  return { conversationId, messageId: asString(payload.messageId, 'unknown') };
+}
+
+/** Normalizes a raw command:approval payload before it is stored. A command
+ * string matching `pendingApproval.command` alone is not sufficient proof of
+ * a genuine, executable approval: `success` must be the literal boolean
+ * `true`, and a successful approval requires a non-empty string
+ * `approvalId`. Anything else is normalized to a denial (`success: false`,
+ * no `approvalId`) so the pending request resolves and the approve lock is
+ * released instead of leaving the UI hung on a response it can never trust
+ * enough to enable "Run approved command" for. `expiresAt`/`message` are
+ * retained only when they are strings (message is never rendered as-is). */
+function sanitizeApproval(
+  payload: SlashCommandApprovalResultPayload,
+  conversationId: string,
+  command: string,
+): SlashCommandApprovalResultPayload {
+  const approvalId =
+    typeof payload.approvalId === 'string' && payload.approvalId.length > 0
+      ? payload.approvalId
+      : undefined;
+  const success = payload.success === true && approvalId !== undefined;
+  return {
+    conversationId,
+    command,
+    success,
+    approvalId: success ? approvalId : undefined,
+    expiresAt: typeof payload.expiresAt === 'string' ? payload.expiresAt : undefined,
+    message: typeof payload.message === 'string' ? payload.message : undefined,
+  };
+}
+
+/** Normalizes a raw command:result payload before it is stored — `success`
+ * is coerced to a literal boolean so a truthy non-boolean value (e.g. an
+ * object) can never be displayed as a successful result. */
+function sanitizeCommandResult(
+  payload: SlashCommandResultPayload,
+  conversationId: string,
+): SlashCommandResultPayload {
+  return {
+    conversationId,
+    command: asString(payload.command, 'unknown'),
+    success: payload.success === true,
+    message: typeof payload.message === 'string' ? payload.message : undefined,
+  };
 }
 
 export interface ChatTranscriptMessage {
@@ -42,6 +159,10 @@ export interface ChatConnectionState {
    * first scoped server event naming a conversation may establish it (the gateway
    * does not guarantee message:ack is the first event for a new conversation). */
   pendingSend: boolean;
+  /** True from the moment a message is sent until its turn ends (agent:end),
+   * errors, or the connection drops — guards against a second turn starting
+   * while one is already in flight. */
+  sending: boolean;
   ack: MessageAckPayload | null;
   streaming: boolean;
   text: string;
@@ -58,6 +179,16 @@ export interface ChatConnectionState {
   systemReload: SystemReloadPayload | null;
   error: string | null;
   messages: ChatTranscriptMessage[];
+  /** Monotonically increasing counter used to mint transcript message ids —
+   * never reset while retained messages remain, so ids stay unique across the
+   * MAX_MESSAGES cap boundary (unlike a `messages.length`-derived id, which
+   * plateaus once the array is capped). */
+  messageSeq: number;
+  /** Monotonically increasing counter used to mint fallback tool-call ids for
+   * malformed (non-string/empty) `toolCallId`s — never reset while retained
+   * tools remain, so fallback ids stay unique across the MAX_TOOLS cap
+   * boundary. */
+  toolSeq: number;
 }
 
 export interface ChatConnectionActions {
@@ -77,6 +208,7 @@ export interface ChatConnectionValue {
 const initialState: ChatConnectionState = {
   conversationId: null,
   pendingSend: false,
+  sending: false,
   ack: null,
   streaming: false,
   text: '',
@@ -92,6 +224,8 @@ const initialState: ChatConnectionState = {
   systemReload: null,
   error: null,
   messages: [],
+  messageSeq: 0,
+  toolSeq: 0,
 };
 
 type Action =
@@ -110,7 +244,8 @@ type Action =
   | { type: 'server/error'; payload: ErrorPayload }
   | { type: 'local/send'; content: string }
   | { type: 'local/approve-request'; command: string; args?: string }
-  | { type: 'local/consume-approval' };
+  | { type: 'local/consume-approval' }
+  | { type: 'local/disconnect' };
 
 /**
  * Resolves whether a scoped server event (one carrying a conversationId) belongs to
@@ -119,11 +254,22 @@ type Action =
  * failure, can both arrive first) — so while a message is pending and no conversation
  * is active yet, the first scoped event names the conversation instead of being
  * dropped. Once a conversation is active, only its own events pass.
+ *
+ * `rawConversationId` is `unknown`, not `string` — every payload is runtime-untrusted
+ * regardless of its compile-time contract, and this is the single place that may
+ * establish `state.conversationId`. A malformed value (non-string/empty) is rejected
+ * via the central `asConversationId` guard and never adopted: the event is treated as
+ * inactive/dropped, leaving state (including `pendingSend`) untouched so a later
+ * genuinely valid event can still establish or recover the turn.
  */
 function resolveScopedConversation(
   state: ChatConnectionState,
-  conversationId: string,
+  rawConversationId: unknown,
 ): { active: true; state: ChatConnectionState } | { active: false; state: null } {
+  const conversationId = asConversationId(rawConversationId);
+  if (conversationId === null) {
+    return { active: false, state: null };
+  }
   if (state.conversationId === conversationId) {
     return { active: true, state };
   }
@@ -133,20 +279,42 @@ function resolveScopedConversation(
   return { active: false, state: null };
 }
 
+type ServerAction = Extract<Action, { type: `server/${string}` }>;
+
+function isServerAction(action: Action): action is ServerAction {
+  return action.type.startsWith('server/');
+}
+
 function reduce(state: ChatConnectionState, action: Action): ChatConnectionState {
+  // A malformed packet (the whole payload is null/undefined/a primitive, not
+  // an object) is ignored outright rather than crashing the reducer on the
+  // first field dereference in the case below — every server/* action shape
+  // declares a `payload` field, so this guard covers all of them uniformly.
+  if (isServerAction(action) && !isRecord(action.payload)) {
+    return state;
+  }
+
   switch (action.type) {
     case 'server/message:ack': {
       const { payload } = action;
       if (state.conversationId === null) {
+        const conversationId = asConversationId(payload.conversationId);
+        // A malformed first frame (non-string/empty conversationId) is ignored
+        // outright rather than adopted — adopting it would permanently
+        // desynchronize every later scoped event's strict-equality check
+        // against a value that can never again match. Leaving state untouched
+        // (conversationId stays null) lets a later genuinely valid ack/start
+        // still establish the turn.
+        if (conversationId === null) return state;
         return {
           ...state,
-          conversationId: payload.conversationId,
+          conversationId,
           pendingSend: false,
-          ack: payload,
+          ack: sanitizeAck(payload, conversationId),
         };
       }
       if (payload.conversationId !== state.conversationId) return state;
-      return { ...state, ack: payload };
+      return { ...state, ack: sanitizeAck(payload, state.conversationId) };
     }
 
     case 'server/agent:start': {
@@ -158,65 +326,124 @@ function reduce(state: ChatConnectionState, action: Action): ChatConnectionState
     case 'server/agent:text': {
       const resolved = resolveScopedConversation(state, action.payload.conversationId);
       if (!resolved.active) return state;
-      return { ...resolved.state, text: resolved.state.text + action.payload.text };
+      return {
+        ...resolved.state,
+        text: capAppendString(resolved.state.text, asString(action.payload.text), MAX_STREAM_CHARS),
+      };
     }
 
     case 'server/agent:thinking': {
       const resolved = resolveScopedConversation(state, action.payload.conversationId);
       if (!resolved.active) return state;
-      return { ...resolved.state, thinking: resolved.state.thinking + action.payload.text };
+      return {
+        ...resolved.state,
+        thinking: capAppendString(
+          resolved.state.thinking,
+          asString(action.payload.text),
+          MAX_STREAM_CHARS,
+        ),
+      };
     }
 
     case 'server/agent:tool:start': {
       const { payload } = action;
       const resolved = resolveScopedConversation(state, payload.conversationId);
       if (!resolved.active) return state;
+      const valid = isValidToolCallId(payload.toolCallId);
+      const toolSeq = resolved.state.toolSeq;
       const tool: ToolCallState = {
-        toolCallId: payload.toolCallId,
-        toolName: payload.toolName,
+        // Each malformed toolCallId gets its own fresh fallback id (never the
+        // fixed 'unknown-tool-call' constant) so distinct malformed starts
+        // never collide with each other.
+        toolCallId: valid ? payload.toolCallId : nextToolFallbackId(toolSeq),
+        toolName: asString(payload.toolName, 'Unknown tool'),
         status: 'running',
       };
-      return { ...resolved.state, tools: [...resolved.state.tools, tool] };
+      return {
+        ...resolved.state,
+        tools: capPush(resolved.state.tools, tool, MAX_TOOLS),
+        toolSeq: valid ? toolSeq : toolSeq + 1,
+      };
     }
 
     case 'server/agent:tool:end': {
       const { payload } = action;
       const resolved = resolveScopedConversation(state, payload.conversationId);
       if (!resolved.active) return state;
+      const valid = isValidToolCallId(payload.toolCallId);
+      const toolSeq = resolved.state.toolSeq;
+      const toolCallId = valid ? payload.toolCallId : nextToolFallbackId(toolSeq);
+      const toolName = asString(payload.toolName, 'Unknown tool');
+      const nextToolSeq = valid ? toolSeq : toolSeq + 1;
+      // A fresh fallback id (malformed toolCallId) can never match an
+      // existing entry, so this only ever finds a genuine prior tool:start.
+      const matchIndex = resolved.state.tools.findIndex((tool) => tool.toolCallId === toolCallId);
+      if (matchIndex === -1) {
+        // A tool:end for an ID we never saw a tool:start for is a protocol
+        // anomaly, not a no-op — surface it visibly instead of silently
+        // dropping it.
+        const anomaly: ToolCallState = { toolCallId, toolName, status: 'anomaly' };
+        return {
+          ...resolved.state,
+          tools: capPush(resolved.state.tools, anomaly, MAX_TOOLS),
+          toolSeq: nextToolSeq,
+        };
+      }
+      // Update at most the first matching entry — if `toolCallId` is
+      // (unexpectedly) shared by more than one retained tool, updating every
+      // match would cross-contaminate unrelated statuses (and could silently
+      // overwrite a distinct entry's 'anomaly' status).
       return {
         ...resolved.state,
-        tools: resolved.state.tools.map((tool) =>
-          tool.toolCallId === payload.toolCallId
-            ? { ...tool, status: payload.isError ? 'error' : 'success' }
-            : tool,
+        tools: resolved.state.tools.map((tool, index) =>
+          index === matchIndex ? { ...tool, status: payload.isError ? 'error' : 'success' } : tool,
         ),
+        toolSeq: nextToolSeq,
       };
     }
 
     case 'server/agent:end': {
       const { payload } = action;
       const resolved = resolveScopedConversation(state, payload.conversationId);
-      if (!resolved.active) return state;
+      if (!resolved.active) {
+        if (isUnrecoverableStartupFailure(state)) {
+          return {
+            ...state,
+            pendingSend: false,
+            sending: false,
+            streaming: false,
+            approvalRequestPending: false,
+            error: CONVERSATION_START_FAILURE,
+          };
+        }
+        return state;
+      }
       const next = resolved.state;
       const hasContent = next.text.length > 0 || next.thinking.length > 0;
       const messages = hasContent
-        ? [
-            ...next.messages,
+        ? capPush(
+            next.messages,
             {
-              id: `assistant-${payload.conversationId}-${next.messages.length}`,
+              // Sourced from the reducer-owned `messageSeq` counter, not
+              // `messages.length` — the latter plateaus once MAX_MESSAGES is
+              // reached under a flood, producing duplicate ids/React keys.
+              id: `assistant-${payload.conversationId}-${next.messageSeq}`,
               role: 'assistant' as const,
               text: next.text,
               thinking: next.thinking || undefined,
             },
-          ]
+            MAX_MESSAGES,
+          )
         : next.messages;
       return {
         ...next,
         streaming: false,
+        sending: false,
         text: '',
         thinking: '',
         usage: payload.usage ?? next.usage,
         messages,
+        messageSeq: hasContent ? next.messageSeq + 1 : next.messageSeq,
       };
     }
 
@@ -227,14 +454,37 @@ function reduce(state: ChatConnectionState, action: Action): ChatConnectionState
     }
 
     case 'server/commands:manifest': {
-      return { ...state, manifest: action.payload.manifest };
+      // `manifest` itself, and its `commands`/`skills` fields, are raw
+      // socket payload values — any of them can be null/non-object at
+      // runtime regardless of the compile-time contract.
+      const manifest: Record<string, unknown> = isRecord(action.payload.manifest)
+        ? action.payload.manifest
+        : {};
+      return {
+        ...state,
+        manifest: {
+          commands: capList<CommandDef>(manifest.commands, MAX_MANIFEST_ITEMS),
+          skills: capList<SkillCommandDef>(manifest.skills, MAX_MANIFEST_ITEMS),
+          version: asFiniteNumber(manifest.version, state.manifest?.version ?? 0),
+        },
+      };
     }
 
     case 'server/command:result': {
       const { payload } = action;
       const resolved = resolveScopedConversation(state, payload.conversationId);
       if (!resolved.active) return state;
-      return { ...resolved.state, commandResults: [...resolved.state.commandResults, payload] };
+      const next = resolved.state;
+      const conversationId = next.conversationId;
+      if (conversationId === null) return next;
+      return {
+        ...next,
+        commandResults: capPush(
+          next.commandResults,
+          sanitizeCommandResult(payload, conversationId),
+          MAX_COMMAND_RESULTS,
+        ),
+      };
     }
 
     case 'server/command:approval': {
@@ -242,21 +492,32 @@ function reduce(state: ChatConnectionState, action: Action): ChatConnectionState
       const resolved = resolveScopedConversation(state, payload.conversationId);
       if (!resolved.active) return state;
       const next = resolved.state;
-      if (!next.pendingApproval || next.pendingApproval.command !== payload.command) {
+      const conversationId = next.conversationId;
+      if (
+        conversationId === null ||
+        !next.pendingApproval ||
+        typeof payload.command !== 'string' ||
+        payload.command !== next.pendingApproval.command
+      ) {
         // Stale or mismatched response for a request that is no longer (or never was)
         // the one outstanding approval — do not let it replace active approval state.
         return next;
       }
-      return { ...next, approval: payload, approvalRequestPending: false };
+      return {
+        ...next,
+        approval: sanitizeApproval(payload, conversationId, payload.command),
+        approvalRequestPending: false,
+      };
     }
 
     case 'server/system:reload': {
+      const { payload } = action;
       return {
         ...state,
-        systemReload: action.payload,
+        systemReload: { ...payload, message: asString(payload.message, 'Commands reloaded.') },
         manifest: {
-          commands: action.payload.commands,
-          skills: action.payload.skills,
+          commands: capList<CommandDef>(payload.commands, MAX_MANIFEST_ITEMS),
+          skills: capList<SkillCommandDef>(payload.skills, MAX_MANIFEST_ITEMS),
           version: state.manifest?.version ?? 0,
         },
       };
@@ -265,24 +526,62 @@ function reduce(state: ChatConnectionState, action: Action): ChatConnectionState
     case 'server/error': {
       const { payload } = action;
       const resolved = resolveScopedConversation(state, payload.conversationId);
-      if (!resolved.active) return state;
-      return { ...resolved.state, error: payload.error, streaming: false };
+      if (!resolved.active) {
+        if (isUnrecoverableStartupFailure(state)) {
+          return {
+            ...state,
+            pendingSend: false,
+            sending: false,
+            streaming: false,
+            approvalRequestPending: false,
+            error: CONVERSATION_START_FAILURE,
+          };
+        }
+        return state;
+      }
+      return {
+        ...resolved.state,
+        error: asString(payload.error, 'An error occurred.'),
+        streaming: false,
+        sending: false,
+        // A turn-scoped error also invalidates any approval request awaiting
+        // a response — the gateway that just errored is unlikely to still
+        // answer it, and the synchronous approveLockRef mirrors this field.
+        approvalRequestPending: false,
+      };
     }
 
     case 'local/send': {
       const message: ChatTranscriptMessage = {
-        id: `user-${Date.now()}-${state.messages.length}`,
+        // Sourced from the reducer-owned `messageSeq` counter — see the
+        // `server/agent:end` case for why `messages.length`/`Date.now()` are
+        // not collision-safe once MAX_MESSAGES is reached under a flood.
+        id: `user-${state.messageSeq}`,
         role: 'user',
         text: action.content,
       };
       return {
         ...state,
-        messages: [...state.messages, message],
+        messages: capPush(state.messages, message, MAX_MESSAGES),
+        messageSeq: state.messageSeq + 1,
         error: null,
+        sending: true,
         pendingSend: state.conversationId === null ? true : state.pendingSend,
       };
     }
 
+    case 'local/disconnect': {
+      // A transient socket disconnect must not leave the UI stuck waiting on
+      // a turn/approval/send that will never resolve on this connection.
+      return {
+        ...state,
+        streaming: false,
+        sending: false,
+        pendingSend: false,
+        approvalRequestPending: false,
+      };
+    }
+
     case 'local/approve-request': {
       // Only one approval request may be outstanding at a time; a second request
       // before the first resolves is ignored so it cannot overwrite the original
@@ -315,6 +614,32 @@ export function useChatConnection(): ChatConnectionValue {
   // Reducer state updates are batched/async; a ref lets a double-click on "Run
   // approved command" be rejected synchronously, before React ever re-renders.
   const executedApprovalIds = useRef<Set<string>>(new Set());
+  // Synchronous send lock: `state.sending` (reducer) drives the reactive UI
+  // disabled state, but reducer updates are batched/async, so two sendMessage
+  // calls issued in the same tick would both read the same stale `state`. This
+  // ref is the source of truth the guard checks against.
+  //
+  // It is intentionally never cleared directly by an event handler — a stale
+  // agent:end/error for a conversation other than the active one must not be
+  // able to re-arm the lock for a turn that is still genuinely in flight.
+  // Instead it is synchronized from `state.sending` below, which the reducer
+  // only flips on an *accepted* (conversation-scoped, or unconditional
+  // disconnect) transition — resolveScopedConversation already rejects a
+  // foreign-conversation agent:end/error by returning the unchanged state, so
+  // `state.sending` (and therefore this ref) cannot be released by one.
+  const sendLockRef = useRef(false);
+  useEffect(() => {
+    sendLockRef.current = state.sending;
+  }, [state.sending]);
+
+  // Same design as sendLockRef, mirroring `state.approvalRequestPending`:
+  // closes the same-tick double-dispatch race for approveCommand, and is
+  // synchronized from (not cleared by) the reducer's own accepted
+  // command:approval/error/disconnect transitions.
+  const approveLockRef = useRef(false);
+  useEffect(() => {
+    approveLockRef.current = state.approvalRequestPending;
+  }, [state.approvalRequestPending]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
     const socket = getSocket();
@@ -331,8 +656,9 @@ export function useChatConnection(): ChatConnectionValue {
       dispatch({ type: 'server/agent:tool:start', payload });
     const onToolEnd = (payload: ToolEndPayload): void =>
       dispatch({ type: 'server/agent:tool:end', payload });
-    const onAgentEnd = (payload: AgentEndPayload): void =>
+    const onAgentEnd = (payload: AgentEndPayload): void => {
       dispatch({ type: 'server/agent:end', payload });
+    };
     const onSessionInfo = (payload: SessionInfoPayload): void =>
       dispatch({ type: 'server/session:info', payload });
     const onCommandsManifest = (payload: CommandManifestPayload): void =>
@@ -343,7 +669,12 @@ export function useChatConnection(): ChatConnectionValue {
       dispatch({ type: 'server/command:approval', payload });
     const onSystemReload = (payload: SystemReloadPayload): void =>
       dispatch({ type: 'server/system:reload', payload });
-    const onError = (payload: ErrorPayload): void => dispatch({ type: 'server/error', payload });
+    const onError = (payload: ErrorPayload): void => {
+      dispatch({ type: 'server/error', payload });
+    };
+    const onDisconnect = (): void => {
+      dispatch({ type: 'local/disconnect' });
+    };
 
     socket.on('message:ack', onMessageAck);
     socket.on('agent:start', onAgentStart);
@@ -358,6 +689,7 @@ export function useChatConnection(): ChatConnectionValue {
     socket.on('command:approval', onCommandApproval);
     socket.on('system:reload', onSystemReload);
     socket.on('error', onError);
+    socket.on('disconnect', onDisconnect);
 
     if (!socket.connected) {
       socket.connect();
@@ -377,13 +709,15 @@ export function useChatConnection(): ChatConnectionValue {
       socket.off('command:approval', onCommandApproval);
       socket.off('system:reload', onSystemReload);
       socket.off('error', onError);
+      socket.off('disconnect', onDisconnect);
       destroySocket();
     };
   }, []);
 
   const actions: ChatConnectionActions = {
     sendMessage: ({ content, provider, modelId }) => {
-      if (state.streaming) return;
+      if (sendLockRef.current || state.streaming || state.sending) return;
+      sendLockRef.current = true;
       const socket = getSocket();
       if (!socket.connected) socket.connect();
       dispatch({ type: 'local/send', content });
@@ -415,7 +749,8 @@ export function useChatConnection(): ChatConnectionValue {
 
     approveCommand: ({ command, args }) => {
       if (state.conversationId === null) return;
-      if (state.approvalRequestPending) return;
+      if (approveLockRef.current || state.approvalRequestPending) return;
+      approveLockRef.current = true;
       dispatch({ type: 'local/approve-request', command, args });
       const socket = getSocket();
       socket.emit('command:approve', { conversationId: state.conversationId, command, args });
@@ -423,14 +758,29 @@ export function useChatConnection(): ChatConnectionValue {
 
     runApprovedCommand: () => {
       const { conversationId, approval, pendingApproval } = state;
-      if (conversationId === null || !approval?.success || !approval.approvalId) return;
+      if (conversationId === null) return;
+      // Defense-in-depth: the reducer already normalizes `success`/`approvalId`
+      // before storing `approval` (a matching command string alone is not
+      // proof of a genuine approval), but this action must never rely on that
+      // alone — a literal-`true` and non-empty-string check here too.
+      if (approval?.success !== true) return;
+      if (typeof approval.approvalId !== 'string' || approval.approvalId.length === 0) return;
       if (!pendingApproval || pendingApproval.command !== approval.command) return;
       if (executedApprovalIds.current.has(approval.approvalId)) return;
+      if (executedApprovalIds.current.size >= MAX_EXECUTED_APPROVAL_IDS) {
+        // Bounded dedup set: evict the oldest entry (Sets iterate in
+        // insertion order) so this can never grow without limit.
+        const oldest = executedApprovalIds.current.values().next().value;
+        if (oldest !== undefined) executedApprovalIds.current.delete(oldest);
+      }
       executedApprovalIds.current.add(approval.approvalId);
       const socket = getSocket();
       socket.emit('command:execute', {
         conversationId,
-        command: approval.command,
+        // Sourced entirely from the frozen local pendingApproval, not the
+        // server-echoed approval payload — the equality guard above is
+        // defense-in-depth, not the source of truth for what gets executed.
+        command: pendingApproval.command,
         args: pendingApproval.args,
         approvalId: approval.approvalId,
       });

apps/web/src/spa/pages/chat-error-boundary.spec.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import { act } from 'react';
+import { createRoot, type Root } from 'react-dom/client';
+import { createMemoryRouter, RouterProvider, type RouteObject } from 'react-router-dom';
+import { afterAll, afterEach, beforeAll, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { ChatRouteErrorBoundary } from './chat-error-boundary';
+
+beforeAll(() => {
+  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, 'IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT', {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: true,
+  });
+});
+
+afterAll(() => {
+  Reflect.deleteProperty(globalThis, 'IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT');
+});
+
+function Boom(): never {
+  throw new Error('render blew up');
+}
+
+let root: Root | null;
+let container: HTMLElement;
+
+afterEach(async () => {
+  await act(async () => {
+    root?.unmount();
+  });
+  document.body.replaceChildren();
+  root = null;
+});
+
+describe('ChatRouteErrorBoundary', () => {
+  it('renders a recoverable, non-blank fallback when the /chat route element throws during render', async () => {
+    const routeObjects: RouteObject[] = [
+      { path: '/chat', element: <Boom />, errorElement: <ChatRouteErrorBoundary /> },
+    ];
+    const router = createMemoryRouter(routeObjects, { initialEntries: ['/chat'] });
+
+    container = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.append(container);
+    root = createRoot(container);
+
+    const consoleErrorSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
+    try {
+      await act(async () => {
+        root?.render(<RouterProvider router={router} />);
+      });
+
+      expect(consoleErrorSpy).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    } finally {
+      consoleErrorSpy.mockRestore();
+    }
+
+    expect(container.textContent).not.toBe('');
+    expect(container.querySelector('[role="alert"]')).toBeTruthy();
+  });
+});

apps/web/src/spa/pages/chat-error-boundary.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import type { ReactElement } from 'react';
+import { useRouteError } from 'react-router-dom';
+
+/**
+ * `/chat` renders live, server-driven state (streamed text, tool calls,
+ * manifests) that can carry malformed payloads no compile-time contract can
+ * fully rule out at every dereference site. This is the last line of
+ * defense: if something still throws during render, show a recoverable
+ * alert instead of leaving the user on a blank/white screen.
+ */
+export function ChatRouteErrorBoundary(): ReactElement {
+  useRouteError();
+
+  return (
+    <div role="alert" className="flex min-h-screen flex-col items-center justify-center gap-3 p-8">
+      <p className="text-sm font-medium">Something went wrong loading chat.</p>
+      <a href="/chat" className="text-sm underline">
+        Reload chat
+      </a>
+    </div>
+  );
+}

apps/web/src/spa/pages/chat.spec.tsx

@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ describe('ChatPage', () => {
     });
   });
 
-  it('shows visible alert surfaces for a server error and a failed command result', async () => {
+  it('shows visible alert surfaces for a server error and a stable failure copy for a failed command result', async () => {
     await act(async () => {
       fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
       fake.serverEmit('error', { conversationId: 'c1', error: 'The model is unavailable' });
@@ -241,14 +241,116 @@ describe('ChatPage', () => {
         conversationId: 'c1',
         command: 'model',
         success: false,
-        message: 'unknown model id',
+        message: 'raw internal detail: stack trace at line 42',
       });
     });
 
     const alerts = [...container.querySelectorAll('[role="alert"]')];
     const alertText = alerts.map((node) => node.textContent).join(' ');
     expect(alertText).toContain('The model is unavailable');
-    expect(alertText).toContain('unknown model id');
+    // Sanitized client copy, not the raw server-provided detail.
+    expect(alertText).toContain('Command failed.');
+    expect(alertText).not.toContain('raw internal detail');
+  });
+
+  it('renders a safe fallback when session:info arrives with a malformed (non-array) availableThinkingLevels, without throwing', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+      fake.serverEmitRaw('session:info', {
+        conversationId: 'c1',
+        provider: 'anthropic',
+        modelId: 'claude',
+        thinkingLevel: 'medium',
+        availableThinkingLevels: null,
+      });
+    });
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('section[aria-label="Session info"]')).toBeTruthy();
+    const select = container.querySelector(
+      'select[aria-label="Thinking level"]',
+    ) as HTMLSelectElement;
+    expect(select).toBeTruthy();
+    // A malformed level list still shows a visible, safe placeholder option
+    // rather than a silently empty select.
+    expect([...select.options]).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(select.options[0]?.textContent).toMatch(/unavailable/i);
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      selectValue(select, '');
+    });
+    expect(fake.emitted.filter((e) => e.event === 'set:thinking')).toHaveLength(0);
+  });
+
+  it('renders honest unavailable labels — not fabricated zeros — when agent:end usage has malformed/missing numeric fields', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+      fake.serverEmit('agent:start', { conversationId: 'c1' });
+      fake.serverEmitRaw('agent:end', {
+        conversationId: 'c1',
+        usage: {
+          provider: { nested: 'object' },
+          modelId: undefined,
+          thinkingLevel: 'medium',
+          tokens: { total: 'not-a-number' },
+          cost: undefined,
+          context: { percent: null, window: 200000 },
+        },
+      });
+    });
+
+    const usage = container.querySelector('[aria-label="Usage"]');
+    expect(usage).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(usage?.textContent).toContain('tokens unavailable');
+    expect(usage?.textContent).toContain('cost unavailable');
+    expect(usage?.textContent).not.toContain('0 tokens');
+    expect(usage?.textContent).not.toContain('$0.0000');
+    expect(usage?.textContent).toContain('unknown/unknown');
+  });
+
+  it('renders a safe fallback for message:ack when messageId is a malformed non-string value, without throwing', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: { bad: 'object' } });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    const status = [...container.querySelectorAll('[role="status"]')].find((node) =>
+      node.textContent?.includes('Message accepted'),
+    );
+    expect(status).toBeTruthy();
+    // A malformed messageId gets a stable, visible fallback — never blank,
+    // never the raw object.
+    expect(status?.textContent).toContain('unknown');
+  });
+
+  it('renders safely and does not throw when system:reload.message is a malformed non-string value', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('system:reload', {
+          commands: [],
+          skills: [],
+          providers: [],
+          message: { bad: 'object' },
+        });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    const status = container.querySelector('[role="status"]');
+    expect(status).toBeTruthy();
+    // A malformed reload message renders a stable, visible fallback rather
+    // than a silently empty status line.
+    expect(status?.textContent).toContain('Commands reloaded.');
+  });
+
+  it('renders safely and does not throw when a scoped error carries a malformed non-string error value', async () => {
+    await expect(
+      act(async () => {
+        fake.serverEmit('message:ack', { conversationId: 'c1', messageId: 'm1' });
+        fake.serverEmitRaw('error', { conversationId: 'c1', error: ['not', 'a', 'string'] });
+      }),
+    ).resolves.not.toThrow();
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('[role="alert"]')).toBeTruthy();
   });
 
   it('sends a message with optional provider/model fields and emits abort from the Stop control', async () => {

apps/web/src/spa/pages/chat.tsx

@@ -2,10 +2,25 @@ import type { ReactElement } from 'react';
 import { CommandsPanel } from '@/spa/chat/commands-panel';
 import { Composer } from '@/spa/chat/composer';
 import { MessageTranscript } from '@/spa/chat/message-transcript';
+import { asFiniteNumberOrNull, asString } from '@/spa/chat/runtime-guards';
 import { SessionPanel } from '@/spa/chat/session-panel';
 import { ToolCallList } from '@/spa/chat/tool-call-list';
 import { useChatConnection } from '@/spa/chat/use-chat-connection';
 
+/** Renders a real value normally, but an honest "unavailable" label instead
+ * of a fabricated `0` for a missing/malformed count — a real `0 tokens` and
+ * an unknown token count must never look the same. */
+function formatTokens(value: unknown): string {
+  const tokens = asFiniteNumberOrNull(value);
+  return tokens === null ? 'tokens unavailable' : `${tokens} tokens`;
+}
+
+/** Same honesty guarantee as `formatTokens`, for cost. */
+function formatCost(value: unknown): string {
+  const cost = asFiniteNumberOrNull(value);
+  return cost === null ? 'cost unavailable' : `$${cost.toFixed(4)}`;
+}
+
 export function ChatPage(): ReactElement {
   const { state, actions } = useChatConnection();
   const hasConversation = state.conversationId !== null;
@@ -18,19 +33,20 @@ export function ChatPage(): ReactElement {
 
       {state.systemReload ? (
         <div role="status" className="border-b px-4 py-2 text-sm">
-          {state.systemReload.message}
+          {asString(state.systemReload.message)}
         </div>
       ) : null}
 
       {state.error ? (
         <div role="alert" className="border-b px-4 py-2 text-sm">
-          {state.error}
+          {asString(state.error)}
         </div>
       ) : null}
 
       {state.ack ? (
         <div role="status" className="border-b px-4 py-1 text-xs opacity-70">
-          Message accepted · conversation {state.ack.conversationId} · id {state.ack.messageId}
+          Message accepted · conversation {asString(state.ack.conversationId, 'unknown')} · id{' '}
+          {asString(state.ack.messageId, 'unknown')}
         </div>
       ) : null}
 
@@ -48,8 +64,8 @@ export function ChatPage(): ReactElement {
 
       {state.usage ? (
         <div aria-label="Usage" className="px-4 pb-2 text-xs opacity-80">
-          {state.usage.tokens.total} tokens · ${state.usage.cost.toFixed(4)} ·{' '}
-          {state.usage.provider}/{state.usage.modelId}
+          {formatTokens(state.usage.tokens?.total)} · {formatCost(state.usage.cost)} ·{' '}
+          {asString(state.usage.provider, 'unknown')}/{asString(state.usage.modelId, 'unknown')}
         </div>
       ) : null}
 
@@ -68,6 +84,7 @@ export function ChatPage(): ReactElement {
         onSend={actions.sendMessage}
         onStop={actions.abort}
         streaming={state.streaming}
+        sending={state.sending}
         hasConversation={hasConversation}
       />
     </div>